Research on the Mechanism of T Cell Subsets and Cytokines in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Abstract

As being one of the most common diseases in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease. It is mostly related to genetics, infection, and excessive iodine, but the exact pathogenesis has not yet clear. As one of the most important immune cells, T cells play an important role in the human immune. Helper T cells (Th) and regulatory T cells (Treg) are two important subgroups of T cells. The former include Th1, Th2, Th17 and other cells. HT patients is mainly characterized by expressing Th1 cytokines. The imbalance of Th1/Th2 ratio can induce abnormal immune response, which is closely related to the incidence of HT. Th17/Treg cells are mutually restricted in differentiation and mutually antagonistic in function. IL-17 secreted by Th17 cells directly promotes the inflammatory response of thyroid tissue and accelerates the damage of thyroid tissue. Abnormal Treg cell function cannot effectively inhibit the occurrence of autoimmune reactions and promote immune tolerance. Th17/Treg constitute a relatively independent group of cell networks except Th1/Th2. Under normal circumstances, Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells maintain a dynamic balance. However, once unbalanced, they will lead to immune dysfunction and participate in the development of HT. This article reviews the mechanisms of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells and their cytokines in the pathogenesis of HT.

Is Undernutrition Associated With Deterioration of Outcomes in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU): Systematic and Meta-Analysis Review

“…Finally, the difficulty of using BMI to distinguish between fat and muscle mass, as well as the effect of fluid imbalances and linear development anomalies, restricts its use as a malnutrition indicator ( 31 , 51 , 52 ). Arm anthropometry, such as mid-upper arm circumference or calf circumference, has been demonstrated to be a rapid, effective measure that may be better at representing body composition than BMI ( 53 , 54 ), and is an alternative nutritional evaluation to investigate for future research. Despite this, BMI is widely employed because of its relative ease of measurement and computation, allowing rapid nutritional assessment in large patient groups.…”

The Frequency of CD4+ T Cells in Women with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

“…On the other hand, the decrease in the cell population of regulatory T lymphocytes is known as another major factor in the pathogenesis of HT. This cell population prevents the development of autoimmune diseases by reducing the activity and number of autoreactive cells (9). In HT disease, T cells shift toward Th1 cells, and CD8 + T lymphocytes have also been observed, which can produce IFN-γ and express Fas-L on their surface, which result in the destruction of thyroid cells.…”