“…To this end, scientists and technicians have carried out fruitful research on the causes of cracks, cracking mechanisms, anti-cracking measures, and evaluation of anti-cracking effect from the aspects of raw materials, mix proportion, structural design, construction methods, and service environment (Nagataki and Gomi, 1998;Wang et al, 2021a;Kabir and Hooton, 2020;Chen et al, 2011b;Li and Burrows, 2013;Qureshi et al, 2018;Qureshi et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2020b;Wang et al, 2021b). In particular, scientific and technical personnel have conducted a large number of pioneering creative studies on the performance and production of magnesium oxide expansion agent (MgO) used in cement mortar and concrete (Liu et al, 1991;Gao et al, 2008;Li et al, 2010;Cao et al, 2018b), the performance of cement-based materials containing MgO (Li 1999a;Chen et al, 2010;Lu et al, 2011;Sherir et al, 2016;Sherir et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2017a;Liu et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2020a;Cao and Yan, 2019), and the expansion mechanism of MgO mortar and concrete (Mehta and Pirtz, 1980;Chatterji 1995;Deng et al, 1990;Cao et al, 2018b). The results show that MgO concrete, which is formed by mixing MgO expansion agent with concrete, can produce excellent delayed micro-expansion deformation.…”