In order to solve the problems of low security and response efficiency and slow running speed of the current designed higher education system, a higher education system based on artificial intelligence technology is designed. Firstly, according to the characteristics of artificial intelligence technology, intelligent teaching system, agent technology, and data mining technology are introduced in detail. Then it analyzes the overall and detailed functional requirements of the system and adaptively generates knowledge content and teaching mode suitable for students’ ability and personality by using intelligent reasoning ability and the collection and analysis of students’ personality characteristics. Through data mining of intelligent teaching system, the decision tree about curriculum is obtained, and the students’ cognitive ability is calculated. Based on the theory of cognitive science, using the “double master” teaching mode, combined with agent technology and intelligent teaching system, the system function is divided into six modules. Through the design of database structure and data table, the design of higher education system based on artificial intelligence technology is realized. The experimental results show that the proposed method has high security and response efficiency, fast running speed, and good teaching effect.