Abstract:This study is conducted with the aim of determining whether there is a difference between hand preference and success of adult Karate and Taekwondo athletes with regards to their gender. 255 athletes in total (144 male and 111 female) who participated in Turkey inter-university karate and taekwondo championships are included in the research. The "Oldfield Survey (1971)" that was developed to determine the hand preferences and some bio-motor characteristics of the athletes was implemented. In order to evaluate … Show more
Background
Wrestling is considered one of the oldest sports in the world. There is a high rate of injuries in Wrestling. To prevent injuries, it is necessary to identify the risk factors. Despite the functional importance of strength in wrestling, few studies have investigated the relationship between isokinetic strength and the rate of injuries in the sport.
Objectives
The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the isokinetic strength of elite wrestlers and the rate of injuries prospectively.
Method
A total of 72 young wrestlers with at least 2 years of experience in the Tehran Wrestling Premier League participated in this study. Before the start of the competition season, the isokinetic strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the knee and shoulder were measured at different velocities by an isokinetic dynamometer. The injuries and training hours of these wrestlers were then recorded for nine months.
Results
The study results showed no significant relationship between isokinetic strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the knee or shoulder at different angular speeds of 60, 180, and 300°/s. There was neither significant between the ratio of the strength flexor/extensor for knee and/or shoulder in young elite wrestlers with injuries.
Conclusion
Isokinetic strength of lower and upper limb muscles alone cannot predict wrestlers' injuries. Therefore, the use of these tests is not recommended to evaluate the risk of injury in this population.
Background
Wrestling is considered one of the oldest sports in the world. There is a high rate of injuries in Wrestling. To prevent injuries, it is necessary to identify the risk factors. Despite the functional importance of strength in wrestling, few studies have investigated the relationship between isokinetic strength and the rate of injuries in the sport.
Objectives
The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the isokinetic strength of elite wrestlers and the rate of injuries prospectively.
Method
A total of 72 young wrestlers with at least 2 years of experience in the Tehran Wrestling Premier League participated in this study. Before the start of the competition season, the isokinetic strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the knee and shoulder were measured at different velocities by an isokinetic dynamometer. The injuries and training hours of these wrestlers were then recorded for nine months.
Results
The study results showed no significant relationship between isokinetic strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the knee or shoulder at different angular speeds of 60, 180, and 300°/s. There was neither significant between the ratio of the strength flexor/extensor for knee and/or shoulder in young elite wrestlers with injuries.
Conclusion
Isokinetic strength of lower and upper limb muscles alone cannot predict wrestlers' injuries. Therefore, the use of these tests is not recommended to evaluate the risk of injury in this population.
“…Sports are particularly relevant systems for testing theories based on intrasexual competition, as they are thought to have evolved culturally as a display for males to advertise fighting and competitive ability 16 . Overrepresentation of left-handers has been seen in boxing 17–19 , mixed martial arts or MMA 20–23 , wrestling 24 , Judo 25 , and Karate and Taekwondo 26 . Left-handers are also overrepresented in sports such as tennis, where they show an advantage over right handed players 27,28 .…”
Left-handedness is a costly, sexually dimorphic trait found at low frequencies in all human populations. How the handedness polymorphism is maintained is unclear. The fighting hypothesis argues that left-handed men have a negative frequency-dependent advantage in violent intrasexual competition giving them a selective advantage. In support of this, many studies have found that left-handed men are overrepresented among modern professional fighters, but studies typically find no difference in fighting success between left and right-handed fighters. We studied over 13,800 professional boxers and mixed martial artists of varying abilities in three of the largest samples to test this hypothesis to date, finding robust evidence that left-handed fighters have greater fighting success. This held for both male and female fighters, and for both percentage of fights won and an objective measure of fighting ability. We replicated previous results showing that left-handed fighters are strongly overrepresented in professional combat sports, but left-handed fighters did not show greater variance in fighting ability, a hypothesis suggested in previous studies. Overall we find strong evidence consistent with the fighting hypothesis.
“…Sports are particularly relevant systems for testing theories based on intrasexual competition, as they are thought to have evolved culturally as a display for males to advertise fighting and competitive ability [13]. Overrepresentation of left-handers has been seen in boxing (where is it referred to among coaches and fans as ‘Southpaw Advantage’: [14–16], mixed martial arts or MMA [17–20], wrestling [21], Judo [22], and Karate and Taekwondo [23]. Left-handers are also overrepresented in many other sports, though crucially only sports requiring direct interaction with an opponent [24,25].…”
14Left-handedness is a costly, sexually dimorphic trait found in all human populations. How the 15 handedness polymorphism is maintained is unclear. The fighting hypothesis argues that left-16 handed men have a negative frequency-dependent advantage in fighting giving them a selective 17 advantage. In support of this, many studies have found that left-handed men are overrepresented 18 in combat sports, but studies typically find no difference in fighting success between left and right-19 handed fighters. We studied over 9800 professional boxers and mixed martial arts fighters of 20 varying abilities in three of the largest samples to test this hypothesis to date, finding robust 21 evidence that left-handed fighters have greater fighting success. This held for both male and 22 female fighters and when considering percentage of fights won, and objective measures of fighting 23 ability. We replicated previous results showing the left-handed fighters are strongly 24 overrepresented in professional combat sports, but left-handed fighters did not show greater 25 variance in fighting ability, a hypothesis suggested in previous studies. Overall we find strong 26 evidence consistent with the fighting hypothesis. 27 30 population is left-handed [6] and though exact numbers vary with culture, [7] left-handers are 31 always a minority. Since left-handedness is under direct negative selection, its persistence in 32 humans is an evolutionary puzzle.
34One explanation for the persistence of left-handedness is the fighting hypothesis [8]. This argues 35 that the polymorphism in human handedness is maintained due to a negative frequency-dependent 36 advantage that left-handedness confers to males in combat (see [9] for theoretical support, and [10] 37 for a review of empirical evidence as well as alternatives). According to this theory right-handed 38 males often lack experience fighting rare left-handed males, while left-handed males accumulate 39 plenty of experience fighting right-handed males, putting them at a selective advantage. Combined 40 with the intrinsic fitness costs of left-handedness, this would explain the universal pattern of low but 41 stable levels of left-handers in all studied populations. There is mounting evidence that intrasexual 42 contest competition such as fighting has been a key component of sexual selection on human 43 males [11]. Modern males may possess adaptations to assist them in fighting and assessing 44 opponents' fighting ability [12]. Handedness could therefore be considered a sexually selected trait 45 in males, and may be expressed in females a by-product [9].48 overrepresented in combat sports. Sports are particularly relevant systems for testing theories 49 based on intrasexual competition, as they are thought to have evolved culturally as a display for 50 males to advertise fighting and competitive ability [13]. Overrepresentation of left-handers has 51 been seen in boxing (where is it referred to among coaches and fans as 'Southpaw Advantage': 52 [14-16], mixed martial arts or MMA ...
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