Research on Wide-Temperature Rechargeable Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: Features, Challenges and Solutions

Abstract

Sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries hold great promise for cutting-edge fields due to their high specific capacity, high energy density and high efficiency of charge and discharge. However, Na-S batteries operating at different temperatures possess a particular reaction mechanism; scrutinizing the optimized working conditions toward enhanced intrinsic activity is highly desirable while facing daunting challenges. This review will conduct a dialectical comparative analysis of Na-S batteries. Due to its performance, there are challenges in the aspects of expenditure, potential safety hazards, environmental issues, service life and shuttle effect; thus, we seek solutions in the electrolyte system, catalysts, anode and cathode materials at intermediate and low temperatures (T < 300 °C) as well as high temperatures (300 °C < T < 350 °C). Nevertheless, we also analyze the latest research progress of these two situations in connection with the concept of sustainable development. Finally, the development prospects of this field are summarized and discussed to look forward to the future of Na-S batteries.

An Investigation into Electrolytes and Cathodes for Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries

“…Despite the high expansion of the sulfur cathode in Na-S batteries, there is significant experience in high-temperature (HT) Na-S batteries, which are commercially available, operate routinely at 2 V, have a temperature of 300-340 • C, an energy density of 220 Wh/kg of cell, and a have high cyclability of over 7000 cycles [64][65][66][67][68]. The redox reaction chain for HT Na-S batteries comprises the conversion of S 8 to Na 2 S x , with 3.3 ≤ x ≤ 5.…”

Na2S Cathodes Enabling Safety Room Temperature Sodium Sulfur Batteries

“…%, which ranks fourth among all metals, at around $ 2,100 per ton ($ 25,000 per ton for lithium). [20][21][22][23] Therefore, it prompts the exploration and development of sodium-based battery systems that are less costly and high energy density.…”