Research Progress and Future Perspectives on Rechargeable Na‐O₂ and Na‐CO₂ Batteries

Abstract

Na‐O2 and Na‐CO2 battery systems have shown promising prospects and gained great progress over the past decade. This review present current research status of Na‐O2 and Na‐CO2 batteries, including reaction mechanisms, air cathode design strategies, sodium protection exploration, and electrolyte developments. The future research strategies are also presented to further improve their performance for achieving the practical application of true Na‐air batteries.

Competitive Oxygen Reduction Pathways to Superoxide and Peroxide during Sodium‐Oxygen Battery Discharge

“…The discharge product(s) and performance of NaÀ O 2 cells are influenced by several factors, including electro-lyte composition and the nature of the electrode surface. [12,31,36] Na 2 O 2 has been observed in the cell with acetonitrile and NaO 2 has been shown to disproportionate to Na 2 O 2 in this solvent. [37] This is ascribed to the low donor number of acetonitrile.…”

“…If Na 2 O 2 were to form during discharge in the Na−O 2 cell it would have a detrimental impact on cell performance and remove many of its advantages over the Li−O 2 battery. The discharge product(s) and performance of Na−O 2 cells are influenced by several factors, including electrolyte composition and the nature of the electrode surface [12,31,36] . Na 2 O 2 has been observed in the cell with acetonitrile and NaO 2 has been shown to disproportionate to Na 2 O 2 in this solvent [37] .…”

Tunable multi-doped carbon nanofiber air cathodes based on a poly(ionic liquid) for sodium oxygen batteries with diglyme/ionic liquid-based hybrid electrolytes

“…[4][5][6][7][8] However, the parameters that control the discharge product morphology and composition in the battery require further research focused on the different components of a metal-air battery. 4,5,9,10 It is known that the air cathode morphology, structure and chemistry play a signicant role in the electrochemical discharge process and hence the morphology of the cathode discharge product in Na-O 2 batteries, 4,6,[11][12][13][14][15] which is also supported by previous theoretical calculations and experimental studies. 7,16 An ideal air cathode should provide enough active sites to favor the oxygen reduction reaction and allow enough space to accommodate the insoluble discharge products generated during battery operation.…”

Unveiling the Role of Tetrabutylammonium and Cesium Bulky Cations in Enhancing Na‐O2 Battery Performance

“…[ 2,3 ] Thus, in addition to their enhanced performance, Na‐O 2 batteries have experienced a growing interest in the scientific community over the last years. [ 4–6 ]…”

“…[2,3] Thus, in addition to their enhanced performance, Na-O 2 batteries have experienced a growing interest in the scientific community over the last years. [4][5][6] Na-O 2 batteries provide energy based on the reduction of O 2 to NaO 2 and two possible mechanisms for the growth of the NaO 2 discharge product have been proposed: i) a solution-mediated mechanism, in which superoxide ions ( − O 2 ) formed on the electrode surface are dissolved into the electrolyte until they grow on the previously formed nuclei and precipitate; and ii) a surface mechanism, in which the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) directly occurs on the surface of the nuclei previously formed in the electrode. [7] Thereby, the growth of the discharge products highly depends on the current density applied in the cell.…”