Research Progress in Distributed Acoustic Sensing Techniques

Shang, Ying; Sun, Meng; Wang, Chen; Yang, Jian; Du, Yuankai; Yi, Jichao; Zhao, Wei; Wang, Yingying; Zhao, Yanjie; Ni, Jiasheng

doi:10.3390/s22166060

Cited by 48 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Even though current commercial DAS systems allow a thorough monitoring along a maximum distance of 50 kilometers, recent studies have shown that persistent monitoring could be enabled up to a hundred kilometers. The most common DAS technologies are based on phase sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (φ-OTDR) and coherent OTDR (C-OTDR) [40]. A DAS interrogator unit generates a series of laser pulses, sends them through the optical fiber cable, and collects the backscattering of the light along the length of the fiber.…”

Section: Distributed Acoustic Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Underwater Critical Infrastructures: the Nord Stream and Other Recent Case Studies

Soldi¹,

Gaglione²,

Raponi³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The explosions on September 26th, 2022, which damaged the gas pipelines of Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2, have highlighted the need and urgency of improving the resilience of Underwater Critical Infrastructures (UCIs). Comprising gas pipelines and power and communication cables, these connect countries worldwide and are critical for the global economy and stability. An attack targeting multiple of such infrastructures simultaneously could potentially cause significant damage and greatly affect various aspects of daily life. Due to the increasing number and continuous deployment of UCIs, existing underwater surveillance solutions, such as Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) or Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs), are not adequate enough to ensure thorough monitoring.We show that the combination of information from both underwater and above-water surveillance sensors enables achieving Seabed-to-Space Situational Awareness (S3A), mainly thanks to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Information Fusion (IF) methodologies. These are designed to process immense volumes of information, fused from a variety of sources and generated from monitoring a very large number of assets on a daily basis. The learned knowledge can be used to anticipate future behaviors, identify threats, and determine critical situations concerning UCIs.To illustrate the capabilities and importance of S3A, we consider three events that occurred in the second half of 2022: the aforementioned Nord Stream explosions, the cutoff of the underwater communication cable SHEFA-2 connecting the Shetland Islands and the UK mainland, and the suspicious activity of a large vessel in the Adriatic Sea. Specifically, we provide analyses of the available data, from Automatic Identification System (AIS) and satellite data, integrated with possible contextual information, e.g., bathymetry, Patterns Of Life (POLs), weather conditions, and human intelligence (HUMINT).

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Section: Distributed Acoustic Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Underwater Critical Infrastructures: the Nord Stream and Other Recent Case Studies

Soldi¹,

Gaglione²,

Raponi³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In recent years, efforts have been devoted to transform fiber-optic cables into dense arrays of sensors with technologies that leverage various back-scattering effects of light pulses [18,19]. Among these, Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) has gained wide interest thanks to its ability to monitor seismo-acoustic signals and dynamic strain with high sensitivity [20,21], making it suitable for a wide range of geophysical monitoring applications [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. Specifically, DAS systems rely on the analysis of the Rayleigh back-scattering spectrum of light.…”

Section: Das Thermometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

High resolution seafloor thermometry for internal wave and upwelling monitoring using Distributed Acoustic Sensing

Quiñones

Sladen

Ponte

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…At the same time, diverse techniques exist to preserve an optimal DAS repeatability at long distances (e.g. Shang et al, 2022).…”

Section: Lf-das and Alternative Dfos Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High resolution seafloor thermometry and internal wave monitoring using Distributed Acoustic Sensing

Quiñones

Sladen

Ponte

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Temperature is central for ocean science but is still poorly sampled on the deep ocean. Here, we show that Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology can convert several kilometer long seafloor fiber-optic (FO) telecommunication cables into dense arrays of temperature anomaly sensors with milikelvin (mK) sensitivity, allowing us to monitor oceanic processes such as internal waves and upwelling with unprecedented detail. We validate our observations with oceanographic in-situ sensors and an alternative FO technology. Practical solutions and recent advances are outlined to obtain continuous absolute temperatures with DAS at the seafloor. Our observations grant key advantages to DAS over established temperature sensors, showing its transformative potential for thermometry in ocean sciences and hydrography.

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Research Progress in Distributed Acoustic Sensing Techniques

Cited by 48 publications

References 94 publications

Monitoring of Underwater Critical Infrastructures: the Nord Stream and Other Recent Case Studies

Monitoring of Underwater Critical Infrastructures: the Nord Stream and Other Recent Case Studies

High resolution seafloor thermometry for internal wave and upwelling monitoring using Distributed Acoustic Sensing

High resolution seafloor thermometry and internal wave monitoring using Distributed Acoustic Sensing

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