Research Progress of Extracellular Vesicles Targeted Therapy

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, have inherent homing ability in damage repair and drug delivery. However, they have poor targeting and low enrichment efficiency and are easily internalized/cleared by monocyte phagocyte system. If the targeting ability of exosomes can be improved through a series of means, better use can be made of the advantages of exosome therapy and drug delivery. It is necessary to ensure a certain retention rate to study signal pathways and potential mechanisms, especially in flowing blood. This article mainly reviews the research progress of specific targeting based on exosomes, including intrinsic targeting, enhanced targeting, and drug delivery. Inherent targeting is mainly analyzed from different cell sources, and enhanced targeting is mainly from ligand modification and the application of nano materials to improve the targeting ability. To be successfully applied in clinical practice, many problems and challenges still need to be faced in exosome therapy. Herein, the latest knowledge of using EVs as a natural delivery system for disease treatment is summarized.

Stimuli-responsive microcarriers and their application in tissue repair: A review of magnetic and electroactive microcarrier

“…MNPs have an impact on tissue repair [ [80] , [81] , [82] ]. Even without an external magnetic field, SPIONs can modulate cell behavior [ 83 ], they can operate as catalase which accelerates cell growth [ 84 ] and cell cycle regulatory factors expression can also be changed by free iron ions. In bone repair, MNPs can directly interact with cell membrane and produce intrinsic magnetic field to activate signaling pathways such as MAPK and BMP in the form of mechanical stimulation through mechanosensitive ion channels to promote osteogenic differentiation [ [85] , [86] , [87] , [88] ].…”

Exosome‐related lncRNA score: A value‐based individual treatment strategy for predicting the response to immunotherapy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

“… 23 Therefore, exosomes are considered important mediators in the tumor microenvironment and are involved in regulating ccRCC tumor cell invasion, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. 24 , 25 , 26 Tumor‐derived exosomes carrying various molecules could provide a promising, non‐invasive method for the diagnosis of ccRCC.…”

“…found that exosomal mRNA‐based (CUL9, KMT2D, PBRM1, PREX2, and SETD2) signatures may serve as tools for the early detection of ccRCC and differential diagnoses of uncertain renal masses 23 . Therefore, exosomes are considered important mediators in the tumor microenvironment and are involved in regulating ccRCC tumor cell invasion, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression 24–26 . Tumor‐derived exosomes carrying various molecules could provide a promising, non‐invasive method for the diagnosis of ccRCC.…”

Migrasome, a novel organelle, differs from exosomes

“…Recent data suggest that migrasomes are widely distributed in different types of cells, body fluids, and tissues [ 1 , 5 ]. Migrasomes play a critical role in the establishment of signaling molecular regions in early embryonic development, as demonstrated in a Zebrafish experimental model [ 1 , 6 ].…”