Research Progress of Macrophages in Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Bone tissue regeneration plays an increasingly important role in contemporary clinical treatment. The reconstruction of bone defects remains a huge challenge for clinicians. Bone regeneration is regulated by the immune system, in which inflammation is an important regulating factor in bone formation and remodeling. As the main cells involved in inflammation, macrophages play a key role in osteogenesis by polarizing into different phenotypes during different stages of bone regeneration. Considering this, this review mainly summarizes the function of macrophage in bone regeneration based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and vascular cells. In conclusion, anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2) have a greater potentiality to promote bone regeneration than M0 and classically activated proinflammatory macrophages (M1). In the fracture and bone defect models, tissue engineering materials can induce the transition from M1 to M2, alter the bone microenvironment, and promote bone regeneration through interactions with bone-related cells and blood vessels. The review provides a further understanding of macrophage polarization behavior in the evolving field of bone immunology.

Immunoregulatory role of platelet derivatives in the macrophage-mediated immune response

“…In the field of bone healing, the M2 polarized macrophages are critical in the osteogenic microenvironment for effective bone regeneration ( 91 ). In this sense, Li et al.…”

“…In the field of bone healing, the M2 polarized macrophages are critical in the osteogenic microenvironment for effective bone regeneration (91). In this sense, Li et al (62) developed hybrid hydrogels composed of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) and polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite composite nanofibers by using enriched polydopamine (PDA) as linker (PnP-iPRF).…”