Research Progress on Key Materials and Technologies for Secondary Batteries

Abstract

The storage and utilization of energy is one of the important topics in the development of science and technology, especially regarding secondary batteries, which are efficient electrical-/chemical-energy-converting devices. This review systematically introduces the important research progress made in the context of secondary batteries, starting from their development and leading to the introduction of related basic theoretical knowledge. The current research on secondary batteries that are based on different systems and related key materials is discussed in detail, and includes lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, magnesium-ion batteries, zinc-ion batteries, calcium-ion batteries, aluminum-ion batteries, fluorine-ion batteries, chloride-ion batteries, dual-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur (Se) batteries, sodium-sulfur (Se) batteries, potassium-sulfur (Se) batteries, polyvalent metal-sulfur-based batteries, lithium-oxygen batteries, sodium-oxygen batteries, potassium-oxygen batteries, aqueous metal-ion batteries, polyvalent metal-oxygen batteries, lithium-bromine (or lithium-iodine) batteries, photo-assisted batteries, flexible batteries, organic batteries, and metal-carbon dioxide batteries. Additionally, the common characterization techniques for electrode reaction processes in battery research are also introduced, including cryoelectron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, synchrotron radiation, in situ spectroscopic techniques, and magnetic characterization. This paper will help researchers to systematically understand secondary battery technology and provide good guidance for future research on secondary batteries.

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“…Since the introduction of the Segment Anything Model (SAM), there has been a wave of attempts to develop a more accurate and robust medical image segmentation system with the utilization of SAM [11,32,16,26,28,18]. Recent work has shown that SAM alone, without further fine-tuning and/or adaptation, often delivers unsatisfactory results for medical image segmentation tasks [11,32]. To utilize SAM more effectively, Ma et al [16] proposed to fine-tune SAM using labeled images.…”

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“…As a result, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are becoming the most promising alternative due to their lower cost, more widespread global reserves and higher storage capacity. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Indeed, the performance of cathode and anode materials is crucial for energy storage devices. An excellent electrode material must satisfy several including low insertion potential, relatively stable structure, high electronic and ionic conductivity, and high compatibility with the electrolyte.…”

Nanodesigns for Na3V2(PO4)3-based cathode in sodium-ion batteries: a topical review

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