Research Techniques Made Simple: Profiling the Skin Microbiota

Grogan, Max D.; Bartow‐McKenney, Casey; Flowers, Lynn; Knight, Simon A. B.; Uberoi, Aayushi; Grice, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.024

Cited by 55 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Bearing in mind that traditional culture methods may only identify a tiny proportion of the cutaneous microbiome, perhaps even less than 1% [45], there has been a shift towards characterisation of cutaneous microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing. Drawing on the techniques described in the seminal publications of Grice et al [45][46][47], new insights have been gained into the bewildering complexity of individual cutaneous microbiomes. Not only is the cutaneous microbiome extremely diverse and highly individual but is also tightly regulated both within and between difference skin regions and stable over time.…”

Section: The Benefits Of 16s Rrna Sequencing and Metagenomic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Cutaneous Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa—Light at the End of the Microbiological Tunnel

Langan

Recke

Bokor-Billmann

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The development of next generation sequencing, coupled with advances in bio-informatics, has provided new insights into the role of the cutaneous microbiome in the pathophysiology of a range of inflammatory skin diseases. In fact, it has even been suggested that the identification of specific skin microbial signatures may not only be useful in terms of diagnosis of skin diseases but they may also ultimately help inform personalised treatment strategies. To date, research investigating the role of microbiota in the development of inflammatory skin diseases has largely focused on atopic eczema and psoriasis vulgaris. The role of the microbiome in Hidradenits suppurativa (HS)-also known as acne inversa-a chronic auto-inflammatory skin disease associated with significant morbidity, has received comparatively little attention. This is despite the fact that antimicrobial therapy plays a central role in the treatment of HS. After briefly outlining the clinical features of HS and current treatment strategies, we move on to review the evidence of microbial dysbiosis in HS pathophysiology. We conclude by outlining the potential for metagenomic studies to deepen our understanding of HS biology but more importantly to identify novel and much needed treatment strategies.scoring and the HS severity index. Whilst the precise incidence and prevalence of HS is unclear [8], due partly to the diagnostic difficulty associated with HS and the use of both registry data and self-report questionnaires [9]. Garg et al. reported a prevalence of 0.1% in a US-based population analysis, leading the authors to conclude that HS is an uncommon but not rare disease, with over-representation in young, female and African American patients [10]. The current multi-modal treatment approach includes the use of intralesional steroids, surgical and laser therapy, topical and systemic medical antimicrobial therapy and biologic treatments [11].Sartorius scoring and the HS severity index. Whilst the precise incidence and prevalence of HS is unclear [8], due partly to the diagnostic difficulty associated with HS and the use of both registry data and self-report questionnaires [9]. Garg et al. reported a prevalence of 0.1% in a US-based population analysis, leading the authors to conclude that HS is an uncommon but not rare disease, with over-representation in young, female and African American patients [10]. The current multi-modal treatment approach includes the use of intralesional steroids, surgical and laser therapy, topical and systemic medical antimicrobial therapy and biologic treatments [11].

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Section: The Benefits Of 16s Rrna Sequencing and Metagenomic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Cutaneous Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa—Light at the End of the Microbiological Tunnel

Langan

Recke

Bokor-Billmann

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…Bioinformatic methods are then used to assemble the heterogeneous microbial genomes that are recovered and then compared to reference databases to identify species. This type of analysis allows for species-and strain-level interrogation of microbiota, a multi-kingdom analysis that is inclusive of fungi and viruses as well as bacteria, and the analysis of the genetic content and genes and pathways that are enriched (Grogan et al, 2019). These methods revealed the strain-level variation of skin microbiota and its stability over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Skin Microbiota: Balancing Risk and Reward

Flowers

Grice

2020

Cell Host & Microbe

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154

110

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The skin microbiome is an ecosystem comprised of a multitude of microbial species interacting with their surroundings, including other microbes and host epithelial and immune cells. These interactions are the basis of important roles within the skin microbiome that provide benefit to the host, boosting multiple aspects of barrier function, a critical function of this essential organ. However, with reward always comes risk; resident skin microbes function in a context-dependent manner, set on the backdrop of a dynamic host and microbial milieu. Here, we discuss the reward of hosting a microbial ecosystem on the skin, including protection from pathogens and tuning of the skin microenvironment. We also give consideration to how these skin residents, often termed ''commensals'' can cause disorder, damage, and promote skin disease.

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“…The development of high-throughput microbial genomic sequencing technique, including amplicon sequencing and whole genome sequencing (shotgun metagenomic sequencing), makes it possible to thoroughly characterize skin microbiota constituents (Byrd et al, 2018;Grogan et al, 2019). Traditionally, due to the selectivity of artificial growth conditions, capitalizing on culture-based approaches to explore skin microbiota components can underestimate the total community diversity (Kong and Segre, 2012).…”

Section: Microbial Composition In Skin Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…differentiate species-, strain-and even single-nucleotide variant (SNV)-level diversification, as all genetic material in the sample is simultaneously sequenced (Oh et al, 2014(Oh et al, , 2016Grogan et al, 2019). Considering that most amplicon sequencing approaches are insufficient to recapitulate skin microbiome community composition at the species level, especially members of the Staphylococcus genus (Meisel et al, 2016), and that the important functional differences existing among strains within a species are not being resolved (Bosi et al, 2016) due to modest gene gain or loss events or even differences in gene expression among strains (Chen et al, 2018), the ability of species-and strain-level analysis of the skin microbiome population structures is crucial for defining the role of commensals and explaining the pathogenesis of skin diseases.…”

Section: Microbial Composition In Skin Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Human Skin Microbiota in the Cutaneous Disorders for Ecology-Based Therapy

Zhou

Shi

Ren

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The skin represents the exterior interface between the human body with the environment while providing a home to trillions of the commensal microorganisms-collectively referred to as the skin microbiota. These microbes that coexist in an established balance play a pivotal role in the protection of cutaneous health and the orchestration of skin homeostasis. However, the well-controlled but delicate balance can be perturbed by alterations in the skin microbial communities, namely, dysbiosis, often due to commensals defeated by pathogens competing for space and nutrients, which leads to the occurrence of multiple cutaneous disorders. In view of this, the analysis of skin microbiota constituents in skin diseases is crucial for defining the role of commensal microbes and treatment of skin diseases. Emerging evidence shows that the ecology-based therapy of microbial transplantation has been proven as a valid therapeutic strategy for cutaneous disorders caused by skin microbial dysbiosis. Although its mechanism is not well-understood, there are already some applications for ecology-based therapy with the aim of correcting the imbalances on the cutaneous ecosystem. In this review, we summarize the interactions between dysbiosis and the cutaneous disorders, including homeostasis and dysbiosis of skin microbiota, microbial composition in skin diseases, and the mechanisms and applications of reversing or ameliorating the dysbiosis by the targeted manipulation of the skin microbiota, which may contribute to aid development of therapeutic modality for ecology-based therapy.

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Research Techniques Made Simple: Profiling the Skin Microbiota

Cited by 55 publications

References 29 publications

The Role of the Cutaneous Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa—Light at the End of the Microbiological Tunnel

The Role of the Cutaneous Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa—Light at the End of the Microbiological Tunnel

The Skin Microbiota: Balancing Risk and Reward

Applications of Human Skin Microbiota in the Cutaneous Disorders for Ecology-Based Therapy

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