Research to Estimate and Manage Carrying Capacity of a Tourist Attraction: A Study of Alcatraz Island

Could Tourism Carrying Capacity Be A Useful Tool For Adapting To Climate Change?

“…Even if TCC studies probably began during the 1930's (O'Reilly, 1986Saveriades, 2000), they were principally developed in the 1960's in the national parks of the United States of America (McCool and Lime, 2001;Manning et al, 2002). However, what we draw up today is that after several decades of experimentation, the concept itself has not evolved a lot and criticisms are still approximately the same (Deprest, 1997;Clarke, 2002 Here, we won't focus on these controversies, but we must point out that even if we admit some limitations of the TCC approach, we believe in its usefulness for dealing with territorial development issues.…”

Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal

“…Because the only application of the close-ended format to assess the maximum number of people may be unrealistic and may not accurately ascertain these values, especially in places with high use levels (Manning, 1999(Manning, , 2007Manning et al, 2002;Needham et al, 2008), respondents were additionally asked to rate from a set of photographs (Fig. 2) one that was much similar to the reality, with encounters and capacities being estimated by first dividing the beach total area by the corresponding unit standard in the photograph and then multiplying by respondents evaluation at the site in accordance with Needham et al (2008).…”

“…Additionally, beach users were asked to identify their perceived sense of crowding and reported encounters in accordance to Manning (1999) and Manning, Wang, Valliere, Lawson, and Newman (2002) based on 15 different levels (0,5,10,20,35,50,75,100,200,350,500,750, 1000, 1500 and 2000 þ people) as suggested by Needham et al (2008). Because the only application of the close-ended format to assess the maximum number of people may be unrealistic and may not accurately ascertain these values, especially in places with high use levels (Manning, 1999(Manning, , 2007Manning et al, 2002;Needham et al, 2008), respondents were additionally asked to rate from a set of photographs (Fig.…”

“…There was a statistical difference in the application of these two methods (t ¼ 2.603, a < 0.05). As knowing reported encounters may not reveal maximum acceptable use levels (Needham et al, 2008:32), beach users were asked to rate the acceptable density of people represented in each photograph if it was to occur at the beach, with results coded in a 5-point scale (À2 to 2) and average values plotted as social norm curves (Manning et al, 2002) indicate at which conditions use levels reach unacceptable levels (Fig. 5).…”

Actual Use Levels and Perceived Crowding in the Peak Season at Tourist Sites in Xi'an

“…Questionnaires are usually employed. In these sorts of studies closed-ended questions ask respondents to rate the acceptability of photographs by using a nine-point response scale across the range "very acceptable" (+4) and "very unacceptable" (−4) (e. g. Heberlein & Vaske, 1977;Manning et al, 1999;Manning, Wang et al, 2002;6 Needham et al, 2004). Open-ended questions ask respondents questions such as "Which photograph shows the number of people that would be so unacceptable that you would no longer visit this site?"…”