“…The starting point of textile products is “fiber.” Fibers are distinguished by their high length to diameter ratio ( McIntyre and Daniels, 1995 ), which is typically over several hundred times for textile fibers. Natural fibers used for textiles include plant-based seed fibers (e.g., cotton, kapok), bast fibers (e.g., flax, jute, hemp), leaf fibers (e.g., abaca, manila), and animal-based fibers (e.g., wool, silk, alpaca) ( Eichhorn et al., 2009 ; Todor et al., 2018 ). Prominent man-made fibers include synthetic fibers such as polyamide (PA); PET; polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); polypropylene; polyvinyl chloride; polyethylene; regenerated cellulose fibers such as lyocell, viscose, and modal; and other high-performance fibers ( Foster et al., 2018 ; Wanasekara et al, 2016 , 2012 ; Wanasekara and Eichhorn, 2017 ; Zhu et al., 2016a , 2016b ).…”