Reservation Dynamic Frame Slotted-ALOHA for wireless M2M networks with energy harvesting

Abstract

We consider a wireless Machine-to-Machine (M2M) area network where a gateway periodically collects data from a group of end-devices equipped with energy harvesters. While the use of energy harvesters ideally provides infinite lifetime, the unpredictable amount of harvested energy may not guarantee that all data transmissions can be done in due time because of temporary energy shortages. We propose in this paper the Energy Harvesting-aware Reservation Dynamic Frame Slotted-ALOHA (EH-RDFSA) protocol as a solution suitable for managing the access of end-devices that transmit bursts of data packets while taking into account the energy availability. We derive a model based on a discrete-time Markov chain to analyze the evolution of the energy available in an end-device and to evaluate the performance of the network. In particular, we compute the data delivery ratio, which measures the ability of the protocol to successfully transmit data to the gateway without depleting the energy reserves of the end-devices, and the time efficiency, which measures the amount of data that can be transmitted in a given period of time. We have validated the accuracy of the analysis by means of computer-based simulations. Results show that the overall performance is influenced by the energy harvesting rate and the amount of data to transmit from each end-device. Finally, we have compared the performance of EH-RDFSA with that of DFSA and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocols.

Combining distributed queuing with energy harvesting to enable perpetual distributed data collection applications

“…More recently, the EH‐RDFSA protocol was proposed by Vazquez‐Gallego et al to improve the performance of DFSA when the end devices generate messages fragmented into small packets. Results show that EH‐RDFSA outperforms DFSA by letting end devices reserve the channel, thus avoiding the need to compete for the channel for each newly generated fragment of the same message.…”

“…In this section, we describe the MAC protocols considered: TDMA, EH‐RDFSA, and the EH‐DQ protocol proposed in this paper.…”

A Survey of Network Lifetime Maximization Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Compared to conventional battery powered WSNs, EH-WSNs provide substantial benefits in terms of NL maximization [121]- [123]. However, from a practical point of view, the entire WSNs cannot purely rely on nodes equipped with EH devices due to the high cost and owing to [109], where the optimal location of the cluster head was determined using a specific cluster scheme conceived for lifetime optimization.…”

An energy-efficient adaptive frameless ALOHA protocol

“…For more details, see [9]. 3 Our system model refers to higher layers where we are not concerned about the physical layer effects like fluctuation in the channel gain and noise. 4 Similar phenomenon happens in decoding based on iterative belief propagation [19].…”

“…Accommodating the needs of emerging wireless applications (e.g., radio frequency identification (RFID), machine-tomachine (M2M), and wireless sensor networks), however, *Correspondence: moslem@ualberta.ca Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada poses new challenges in MAC design and further modifications on ALOHA are needed [2,3]. More specifically, in such networks, there often exist a large number of uncoordinated battery-powered devices with power resources.…”