Reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Saliba, Elias K.

doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(99)00045-0

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…), and appear to be preferred burrow-digging sites for the sand rat; of the sand rat burrows in disturbed plots, 64.5% (207 out of 321) were found on artificial dikes. Examples of the effect of human immigration into zoonotic areas are numerous (e.g., Naggan et al 1970, Giladi et al 1985, Klaus et al 1994, Morsy-Tosson et al 1995, Biton et al 1997, and see reviews in Ashford 1999, Oumeish 1999, Saliba and Oumeish 1999, Desjeux 2001. Apart from the aforementioned effect on food quality, we believe that dikes are a preferred burrow site because they may be easier to dig, protected from flooding, and provide a good observation deck for the detection of predators.…”

Section: Spatial Aspects Of Anthropogenic Disturbancementioning

confidence: 74%

“…Furthermore, when we compared the number of burrows located on an artificial dike to the number of burrows located on the surface of disturbed plots we found significantly more burrows on mounds; paired t test: t ϭ 2.346, P ϭ 0.026). The idea that human-induced ecological changes may promote CL outbreaks is not new , Ashford 1999, Oumeish 1999, Saliba and Oumeish 1999, however, this is the first time that this hypothesis has been empirically studied. Preference of P. obesus for dikes as burrowdigging sites has also been reported previously (Algeria: Daly 1974, Tunisia: Fichet-Calvet et al 2000).…”

Section: Spatial Aspects Of Anthropogenic Disturbancementioning

confidence: 97%

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Anthropogenic Disturbances Enhance Occurrence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Israel Deserts: Patterns and Mechanisms

Wasserberg

Abramsky

Kotler

et al. 2003

Ecological Applications

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A continuous and gradual increase in the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been reported in southern Israel over the last 20 years. The goal of our research was to determine if and how anthropogenic disturbances enhance the occurrence of the disease. To assess the effect of anthropogenic disturbances, we selected twelve 60 ϫ 60 m plots, six in disturbed and six in undisturbed habitats at each of five study sites in southern Israel. We trapped rodents and sand flies, determined Leishmania major infection prevalence in rodents, and measured various environmental parameters. Infection prevalence in the reservoir host, the rodent Psammomys obesus, was significantly higher in disturbed habitats than in undisturbed ones. Infection prevalence was positively correlated with vector (Phlebotomus papatasi) density but not with host density. P. papatasi density was positively correlated with soil moisture. Soil in disturbed habitats had significantly more moisture, and plants were significantly more lush than in undisturbed habitats. P. obesus density was positively correlated with plant lushness. These results suggest that an important impact of anthropogenic disturbance, the addition of water, improves the conditions for vector breeding and promotes larger host populations by improving the quality of their food. These effects, in turn, should enhance disease transmission risk to humans.

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Section: Spatial Aspects Of Anthropogenic Disturbancementioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Spatial Aspects Of Anthropogenic Disturbancementioning

confidence: 97%

Anthropogenic Disturbances Enhance Occurrence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Israel Deserts: Patterns and Mechanisms

Wasserberg

Abramsky

Kotler

et al. 2003

Ecological Applications

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“…To be considered as an effective reservoir a mammal species must (i) have a high degree of exposure to sand fly vectors (as a primary blood-feeding source), (ii) be able to host the parasite for long periods without developing the disease, and (iii) be known to have been infected with parasite strains implicated in human cases [15]–[17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change and Risk of Leishmaniasis in North America: Predictions from Ecological Niche Models of Vector and Reservoir Species

et al. 2010

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BackgroundClimate change is increasingly being implicated in species' range shifts throughout the world, including those of important vector and reservoir species for infectious diseases. In North America (México, United States, and Canada), leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is autochthonous in México and Texas and has begun to expand its range northward. Further expansion to the north may be facilitated by climate change as more habitat becomes suitable for vector and reservoir species for leishmaniasis.Methods and FindingsThe analysis began with the construction of ecological niche models using a maximum entropy algorithm for the distribution of two sand fly vector species (Lutzomyia anthophora and L. diabolica), three confirmed rodent reservoir species (Neotoma albigula, N. floridana, and N. micropus), and one potential rodent reservoir species (N. mexicana) for leishmaniasis in northern México and the United States. As input, these models used species' occurrence records with topographic and climatic parameters as explanatory variables. Models were tested for their ability to predict correctly both a specified fraction of occurrence points set aside for this purpose and occurrence points from an independently derived data set. These models were refined to obtain predicted species' geographical distributions under increasingly strict assumptions about the ability of a species to disperse to suitable habitat and to persist in it, as modulated by its ecological suitability. Models successful at predictions were fitted to the extreme A2 and relatively conservative B2 projected climate scenarios for 2020, 2050, and 2080 using publicly available interpolated climate data from the Third Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report. Further analyses included estimation of the projected human population that could potentially be exposed to leishmaniasis in 2020, 2050, and 2080 under the A2 and B2 scenarios. All confirmed vector and reservoir species will see an expansion of their potential range towards the north. Thus, leishmaniasis has the potential to expand northwards from México and the southern United States. In the eastern United States its spread is predicted to be limited by the range of L. diabolica; further west, L. anthophora may play the same role. In the east it may even reach the southern boundary of Canada. The risk of spread is greater for the A2 scenario than for the B2 scenario. Even in the latter case, with restrictive (contiguous) models for dispersal of vector and reservoir species, and limiting vector and reservoir species occupancy to only the top 10% of their potential suitable habitat, the expected number of human individuals exposed to leishmaniasis by 2080 will at least double its present value.ConclusionsThese models predict that climate change will exacerbate the ecological risk of human exposure to leishmaniasis in areas outside its present range in the United States and, possibly, in parts of southern Canada. This prediction suggests the adoption of measures su...

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“…In zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), this relationship involves the parasite, the sandfly, and the mammalian host(s), which is considered as a self-sustaining and independent system. Natural vertebrate hosts of CL parasites are mammals including Rodentia (e.g., rats, gerbils) and Carnivora (e.g., dogs, cats) (Ashford 1996;Gramiccia and Gradoni 2005;Saliba and Oumeish 1999). Gerbils have been found naturally infected by different species of Leishmania, such as Leishmania (Leishmania) major (Ashford 1996;Javadian et al 1998;YaghoobiErshadi and Javadian 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of reservoir hosts in two foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kerman province, southeast of Iran

et al. 2013

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In the Old World, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is zoonoses and natural vertebrate hosts of CL parasites are mammals. This study was carried out on natural infection rates of Leishmania parasites in reservoir hosts in one new focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) and in suspected reservoir in an old focus of ACL in Iran. The sampling of rodents using Sherman traps was carried out and PCR technique was used for detection and identification of Leishmania species in Bahreman district, Kerman province, southeast of Iran. In addition, the smears were taken from suspicious lesions in stray dogs in the city of Kerman, the center of Kerman province. Simultaneously, pieces of lesion (1 9 191 cm) were taken for further histopathological examination. Overall, 25 rodents were collected and identified, including Meriones libycus and Rhombomys opimus. Amastigotes were observed in 33 % of the R. opimus by microscopic examination and indentified as Leishmania major by PCR technique. Four suspicious dogs out of 391 stray dogs showed no Leishmania species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first isolation and identification of L. major from R. opimus in Kerman province, where ZCL has been present in recent years. Therefore, R. opimus is considered as the main animal reservoir host in Bahreman ZCL focus. In ACL focus such as the city of Kerman, dogs had no role in CL infection as reservoir host.

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Reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Cited by 25 publications

References 17 publications

Anthropogenic Disturbances Enhance Occurrence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Israel Deserts: Patterns and Mechanisms

Anthropogenic Disturbances Enhance Occurrence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Israel Deserts: Patterns and Mechanisms

Climate Change and Risk of Leishmaniasis in North America: Predictions from Ecological Niche Models of Vector and Reservoir Species

A survey of reservoir hosts in two foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kerman province, southeast of Iran

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