“…On the other hand, they have to face monetary (increased or diversion of taxes) and non-monetary negative external and internal effects such as noise, traffic, pollution, frustration, anger about politics (Müller, 2015;Preuss & Solberg 2006). Referring to social exchange theory (Homans, 1958) and rational behaviour of local residents, the balance of positive and negative effects may determine his/her support for MSEs; such support has been identified as a main factor influencing the benefit/cost ratio and the social impact of these events (Deccio & Baloglu, 2002;Hiller & Wanner 2011;Jeong and Faulkner 1996;Pappas, 2014;Ritchie, Shipway & Cleeve, 2009;Zhou & Ap, 2009). At the pre-event stage especially, it is important to maximize acceptance of the event among local residents, in order to better promote and justify the event to key policy makers, sponsors and the non-city population and to increase the efficiency of event management during the preparation and bidding period (Coates & Wicker, 2015;Ma, Egan, Rotherham & Ma, 2011;Ritchie et al, 2009;Roche, 1994).…”