Residual Characteristics and Processing Factors of Difenoconazole in Fresh Ginseng and Processed Ginseng Products

Noh, Hyun-Ho; Lee, Kwang-Hun; Lee, Jae Yun; Lee, Eun-Young; Park, Young-Soon; Park, Hyo-Kyoung; Oh, Jae-Ho; Im, Moo-Hyeog; Lee, Yong-Jae; Baeg, In-Ho; Kyung, Kee-Sung

doi:10.7585/kjps.2012.16.1.035

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…39,40 Other than Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus, which include many mycotoxigenic species, were also detected in fresh ginseng samples. Noh et al 21 reported A. flavus and A. parasiticus in fresh ginseng, and Zheng et al 16 reported A. versicolor and Penicillium spp. in American and Chinese ginseng.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence of fungal contamination in fresh ginseng samples and mycotoxigenic potential of representative fungal isolates

Choi,

Kim,

Baek

et al. 2024

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUNDFresh ginseng is typically accompanied by soil after harvest, leading to contamination with harmful fungi during storage and distribution. In this study, we investigated the incidence of fungal contamination in fresh ginseng (5–6 years old) purchased from 22 different stores in Geumsan, Korea.RESULTSThe incidence of fungal contamination in the samples was 67.4–111.5%. Fusarium solani was the most abundant species in the head (38.5%) and fine root (19.3%) parts of the ginseng samples, whereas F. oxysporum was the most abundant in the main root (22.0%) part. We isolated Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium spp. (total number of isolates: 395) from the ginseng samples, and 138 isolates were identified using phylogenetic analysis. Polymerase chain reaction‐based screening of 65 mycotoxin‐producing species revealed that two P. expansum isolates were positive for citrinin and/or patulin, and five F. oxysporum isolates were positive for fumonisin biosynthesis gene. One P. expansum isolate produced 738.0 mg kg−1 patulin, and the other produced 10.4 mg kg−1 citrinin and 12.0 mg kg−1 patulin on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Among the 47 representative F. oxysporum isolates, 43 (91.5%) produced beauvericin (0.1–15.4 mg kg−1) and four of them (8.5%) produced enniatin B and enniatin B1 (0.1–1.8 mg kg−1) as well. However, none of these toxins was detected in fresh ginseng samples.CONCLUSIONFusarium solani and F. oxysporum were the most abundant species in fresh ginseng samples. Most F. oxysporum (43) and P. expansum (2) strains isolated from fresh ginseng produced beauvericin and enniatins (B and B1), and patulin or citrinin, respectively, on PDA medium. This is the first report of the mycotoxigenic potential of P. expansum and F. oxysporum strains isolated from fresh ginseng. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16][17][18] In fresh ginseng, the abundance of fungi, aerobic bacteria and Bacillus cereus was reported to be 4.8-4.9, 0.7-2.4 and 2.5-5.1 CFU g −1 , respectively. 8,[19][20][21] However, only a few studies have investigated the mycotoxin contamination of fresh ginseng.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of fungal contamination in fresh ginseng samples and mycotoxigenic potential of representative fungal isolates

Choi,

Kim,

Baek

et al. 2024

J Sci Food Agric

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“…대부분의 경우 농산물에 잔류하는 농약들은 가공 후 상당한 양이 소실되는 것으로 보고되고 있지만 (Chavarri et al, 2005;Dejonckheere et al, 1996;Elkins, 1989;Krol et al, 2000;Schattenberg et al, 1996) 주스와 같은 농축단계가 필요한 가공의 경우에 는 잔류농약의 소실정도가 적거나 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있기도 하다 (Holland et al, 1994;Kaushik et al, 2009; *Corresponding author E-mail: jekim@knu.ac.kr ORIGINAL ARTICLES / RESIDUE Keikotlhaile et al, 2010). 농산물의 가공형태별 농약의 소 실에 대하여서는 여러 종류의 농약과 농산물에 대하여 다양 한 결과들이 발표되어 있다(Abou-Arab, 1999; Kontou et al, 2004;Noh et al, 2012;Park et al, 2009). …”

Section: 서 론unclassified

Patterns of Uptake and Removal by Processing Types of Triazole Fungicides in Onion

Lee¹,

Hwang²,

Kim³

2015

The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science

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Uptake of the triazole fungicides, fluquinconazole and tetraconazole from shoot part of onion was assessed by determining residual amounts of applied fungicides in edible and shoot parts of onion after the foliar application. Combined product of fluquinconazole and tetraconazole (14:7, v/v) as a 21% active ingredient of suspended emulsion formulation was diluted at ratio of 500 and 200 times and sprayed on the shoot part of onion after sealing its root part with absorbent paper. At 10 days after the pesticide application, fluquinconazole residue in the shoot part was the greatest as 5.2 mg/kg at 200 times-dilution treatment, while tetraconazole residue in this part was the smallest as 1.2 mg/kg at 500 times-dilution treatment. On the other hand, the pesticide residues in edible parts of onion at all the treatments were less than limits of detection, 0.01 mg/kg. However, fluquinconazole residues in the edible part of onion divided into three groups such as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd layers were detected at concentrations of 0.04 or 0.24 mg/kg, and these results show the different distribution of pesticides in onion depending on divided layers. In addition, chopped onions were soaked in pesticide solutions prepared with dilution of 1,000 times, cooked using three food processing types such as boiling, stir frying, and pickling, and the pesticide residues in them were analyzed. The analyzed results showed the largest pesticide dissipation in onion followed boiling process (76.9~92.6%). Key words

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“…Ginseng is administered for intestinal disorders and is an important traditional herbal medicine. It has pharmacological efficacy against fatigue and stress and exhibits immunity-enhancing and anti-cancer properties [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Processing on Residual Buprofezin Levels in Ginseng Products

Noh

Shin

Kim

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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This study determined residual buprofezin levels in fresh ginseng and evaluated their changes during processing. Supervised field trials were conducted at Yeongju, Geumsan, and Goesan, Korea. Buprofezin 12.5% EC was applied to 5-y ginseng in accordance with the Korean good agriculture practice (GAP). Samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30 d after the final application. On day 14 (GAP-equivalent preharvest date), the ginseng was processed to obtain dried and red ginseng. The average buprofezin concentrations on day 0 were 0.076 (Yeongju), 0.055 (Geumsan), and 0.078 mg kg−1 (Goesan). Residual concentrations increased as ginseng was processed into dried and red ginseng. Residue levels in dried ginseng manufactured by hot air drying were higher than in red ginseng obtained by steaming, hot air, and sunlight drying. However, the absolute amount of pesticides decreased by approximately 20–30% as a result of calculating the reduction factor considering the dry yield and moisture content. Therefore, the residual concentration in processed products may vary depending on the processing method, and it is deemed necessary to consider the processing yield and moisture content when evaluating the safety of residual pesticides in dried processed products.

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Residual Characteristics and Processing Factors of Difenoconazole in Fresh Ginseng and Processed Ginseng Products

Cited by 16 publications

References 1 publication

Incidence of fungal contamination in fresh ginseng samples and mycotoxigenic potential of representative fungal isolates

Incidence of fungal contamination in fresh ginseng samples and mycotoxigenic potential of representative fungal isolates

Patterns of Uptake and Removal by Processing Types of Triazole Fungicides in Onion

Effect of Processing on Residual Buprofezin Levels in Ginseng Products

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