Residual Effects of No‐Till Crop Residues on Corn Yield and Nitrogen Uptake

Maskina, M. S.; Power, James F.; Doran, John W.; Wilhelm, Wallace

doi:10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700060027x

Cited by 70 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These desirable outcomes of residue retention, some of which take several years to become evident, have been reported extensively for other mainly temperate environments (Blevins and Frye, 1993;Karlen et al, 1994). Effects of crop residue amount were sometimes modified by other management practices such as type of tillage and crop fertilization and, use of cover crops (Maskina et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Effects of crop rotation and residue management on bread wheat

Feizabady¹

2013

Afr. J. Plant Sci.

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The objective of this study was to determine the influence of crop rotation and crop residue management on wheat yield and yield components with four crop rotations [wheat-wheat-wheatrapeseed-wheat (WWWRW), wheat-sugar beet-wheat-potato-wheat (WSWPW), wheat-maize-wheatpotato-wheat (WMWPW) and wheat monoculture for the whole period (WWWWW)] and three levels of retaining crop residues to soil (0, 50 and 100% produced crop residues to soil) were allocated to main and sub plots, respectively. Results showed that the effect of different crop rotations on the plant height, spike number per square metre, seed number per spike; economic yield and biological yield of wheat were significant. There were significant differences between different levels of crop residues to soil for wheat spike length, spike and seed number. Interaction between different crop rotation and returning crop residues to soil had significant effect on plant height, spike length, seed number, economic and biological yield in wheat. Wheat seed yield were increased 37, 21 and 33% in WWWRW, WSWPW, WMWPW compared with wheat monoculture, respectively. As this application of crop residues affected wheat yield and yield components, the highest yield was observed in 100% returning all crop residues to soil. Although the application of adding crop residues to soil is a feasible alternative for farmers to enhance yield, the quantity and quality residue is the main factor for incorporation. Sowing wheat in rotation with rapeseed improved seed yield compared with monoculture.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Effects of crop rotation and residue management on bread wheat

Feizabady¹

2013

Afr. J. Plant Sci.

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“…With regard to sustainability of the soil resources, removing stalks very close to the soil surface will result in less surface residue cover, exacerbate the potential wind and water erosion [10][11][12], accelerate the decline in soil organic carbon levels [13,14], and potentially reduce future crop yields [15]. More detailed discussions of potential impacts of stover removal on future productivity and soil quality are presented by Wilhelm et al [16], Wilts et al [17], and Kim and Dale [18].…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering, nutrient removal, and feedstock conversion evaluations of four corn stover harvest scenarios

Hoskinson

Karlen²,

Birrell

et al. 2007

Biomass and Bioenergy

170

150

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Crop residue has been identified as a near-term source of biomass for renewable fuel, heat, power, chemicals and other bio-materials. A prototype one-pass harvest system was used to collect residue samples from a corn (Zea mays L.) field near Ames, IA. Four harvest scenarios (low cut, high-cut top, high-cut bottom, and normal cut) were evaluated and are expressed as collected stover harvest indices (CSHI). High-cut top and high-cut bottom samples were obtained from the same plot in separate operations. Chemical composition, dilute acid pretreatment response, ethanol conversion yield and efficiency, and thermochemical conversion for each scenario were determined. Mean grain yield in this study (10.1 Mg ha −1 dry weight) was representative of the average yield (10.0 Mg ha −1 ) for the area (Story County, IA) and year (2005). The four harvest scenarios removed 6.7, 4.9, 1.7, and 5.1 Mg ha −1 of dry matter, respectively, or 0.60 for low cut, 0.66 for normal cut, and 0.61 for the total high-cut (top+bottom) scenarios when expressed as CSHI values. The macro-nutrient replacement value for the normal harvest scenario was $57.36 ha −1 or $11.27 Mg −1 . Harvesting stalk bottoms increased stover water content, risk of combine damage, estimated transportation costs, and left insufficient soil cover, while also producing a problematic feedstock. These preliminary results indicate harvesting stover (including the cobs) at a height of approximately 40 cm would be best for farmers and ethanol producers because of faster harvest speed and higher quality ethanol feedstock. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. AbstractCrop residue has been identified as a near-term source of biomass for renewable fuel, heat, power, chemicals and other bio-materials. A prototype one-pass harvest system was used to collect residue samples from a corn (Zea mays L.) field near Ames, IA. Four harvest scenarios (low cut, high-cut top, high-cut bottom, and normal cut) were evaluated and are expressed as collected stover harvest indices (CSHI). High-cut top and high-cut bottom samples were obtained from the same plot in separate operations. Chemical composition, dilute acid pretreatment response, ethanol conversion yield and efficiency, and thermochemical conversion for each scenario were determined. Mean grain yield in this study (10.1 Mg ha À1 dry weight) was representative of the average yield (10.0 Mg ha À1 ) for the area (Story County, IA) and year (2005). The four harvest scenarios removed 6.7, 4.9, 1.7, and 5.1 Mg ha À1 of dry matter, respectively, or 0.60 for low cut, 0.66 for normal cut, and 0.61 for the total high-cut (top+bottom) scenarios when expressed as CSHI values. The macronutrient replacement value for the normal harvest scenario was $57.36 ha À1 or $11.27 Mg À1 . Harvesting stalk bottoms increased stover water content, risk of combine damage, estimated transportation costs, and left insuffi...

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“…Larson et al (1972) showed that SOC was linearly related to the quantity of residue added, but establishing a direct linkage between stover harvest and subsequent grain yield is difficult. Some studies have shown that residue removal reduces grain and stover yield in subsequent crops (Wilhelm et al, 1986) and further lowers SOC levels (Clapp et al, 2000;Maskina et al, 1993), but others have shown either no effect or even increases in subsequent grain yields (Karlen et al, 2011). Lal (2004a and Wilhelm et al (2004Wilhelm et al ( , 2007 concluded that returning a portion of the crop residue to soils was crucial for replenishing SOC and that doing so was a fundamental requirement for sustainable soil and crop management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A five-year assessment of corn stover harvest in central Iowa, USA

Karlen

Birell

Hess

2011

Soil and Tillage Research

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Sustainable feedstock harvest strategies are needed to ensure bioenergy production does not irreversibly degrade soil resources. The objective for this study was to document corn (Zea mays L.) grain and stover fraction yields, plant nutrient removal and replacement costs, feedstock quality, soil-test changes, and soil quality indicator response to four stover harvest strategies for continuous corn and a corn-soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] rotation. The treatments included collecting (1) all standing plant material above a stubble height of 10 cm (whole plant), (2) the upper-half by height (ear shank upward), (3) the lower-half by height (from the 10 cm stubble height to just below the earshank), or (4) (2005, 2007, and 2009). Compared to harvesting only the grain, collecting stover increased the average N-P-K removal by 29, 3 and 34 kg ha −1 for continuous corn and 42, 3, and 34 kg ha −1 for rotated corn, respectively. Harvesting the lower-half of the corn plant (Treatment 3) required two passes, resulted in frequent plugging of the combine, and provided a feedstock with low quality for conversion to biofuel. Therefore, Treatment 3 was replaced by a "cobs-only" harvest starting in 2009. Structural sugars glucan and xylan accounted for up to 60% of the chemical composition, while galactan, arabinan, and mannose constituted less than 5% of the harvest fractions collected from 2005 through 2008. Soil-test data from samples collected after the first harvest (2005) revealed low to very low plant-available P and K levels which reduced soybean yield in 2006 after harvesting the whole-plant in 2005. Average continuous corn yields were 21% lower than rotated yields with no significant differences due to stover harvest. Rotated corn yields in 2009 showed some significant differences, presumably because soil-test P was again in the low range. A soil quality analysis using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) with six indicators showed that soils at the continuous corn and rotated sites were functioning at an average of 93 and 83% of their inherent potential, respectively. With good crop management practices, including routine soil-testing, adequate fertilization, maintenance of soil organic matter, sustained soil structure, and prevention of wind, water or tillage erosion, a portion of the corn stover being produced in central Iowa, USA can be harvested in a sustainable manner. KeywordsSingle-pass stover harvest system, Biofuel feedstock, Nutrient removal, Sustainability, Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF), Renewable energy assessment project (REAP) Disciplines Agriculture | Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering CommentsThis article is from

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Residual Effects of No‐Till Crop Residues on Corn Yield and Nitrogen Uptake

Cited by 70 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of crop rotation and residue management on bread wheat

Effects of crop rotation and residue management on bread wheat

Engineering, nutrient removal, and feedstock conversion evaluations of four corn stover harvest scenarios

A five-year assessment of corn stover harvest in central Iowa, USA

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