Residual fate and persistence of endosulfan (50 WDG) in Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum)

Abstract

Residual fate and dissipation pattern of endosulfan (50 WDG) in soil and plant was studied by gas liquid chromatography following twice applications (at 350 g and 700 g a.i. ha(-1)) in chick-pea, Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) at vegetative and flowering stages of the crop. The initial residues of Endosulfan (alpha + beta + endosulfan sulfate) in plant following second application was 23.40-57.91 microg g(-1) and its maximum deposit in soil was 1.00-2.45 microg g(-1) after 1 day. Dissipation followed first order reaction kinetics and the half-life values were 2.6-2.9 days in green foliage and 4.4-5.0 days in soil. A pre-harvest interval of 14-19 days was recommended for green foliage. No residues were detected in harvested seeds. Maximum concentration of the metabolite endosulfan sulfate was 0.152-0.473 microg g(-1) in soil and 5.42-9.40 microg g(-1) in plant on third day. Endosulfan-beta was more persistent than alpha-isomer attributable to higher conversion of the later to endosulfan sulfate in soil and plant.

Organochlorine Residues in Vegetables

“…The presence of β-endosulfan seems to be a useful indicator of time since exposure to endosulfan (Nowak et al, 1995). The overall average of α/β endosulfan in this study was 0.9, indicating ongoing use of technical endosulfan (Chakraborty et al, 2010;Chowdhury et al, 2007;Kole et al, 2001).…”

“…In India, organochlorine pesticides have been reported in various matrices including food commodities (Aktar et al, 2009;Chakraborty et al, 2010;Chowdhury et al, 2007;Devanathan et al, 2009;Guzzella et al, 2005;Kole et al, 2001;B. Kumar et al, 2009;Senthilkumar et al, 2001;Someya et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2008).…”

Current status of persistent organic pesticides residues in air, water, and soil, and their possible effect on neighboring countries: A comprehensive review of India

“…The concentrations of these pollutants observed in many agricultural soil samples were very high (Al-Wabel et al, 2011;Hoai et al, 2010;Kumari et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2009;Senthilkumar et al, 2009;Xu et al, 2013a,b). A number of studies revealed the prevalence of OCPs and PCBs in various environmental matrices, including food commodities in India (Aktar et al, 2009;Chakraborty et al, 2010;Chowdhury et al, 2007;Devanathan et al, 2009;Guzzella et al, 2005;IPEN, 2006;Kole et al, 2001;Kumar et al, 2009;Prakash et al, 2004;Senthilkumar et al, 2001;Someya et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2008). Today, everything from food to groundwater and drinking water is contaminated severely with OCPs, therefore understanding the environmental fate of OCP residues is a key issue.…”

Biodegradation and detoxification of endosulfan in aqueous medium and soil by Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain CS5

“…Since endosulfan and its breakdown products are persistent in the environment with an estimated half-life of 0.7-6 years [2]. Contamination and persistence of endosulfan in aquatic and soil environments lead to accumulation in crop, tea, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fishes and vegetables [3][4][5][6]. It is extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates and affects the central nervous system, kidney, liver, blood chemistry and parathyroid gland, which has reproductive, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects [7][8][9].…”