Residual HEMA and TEGDMA Release and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and Compomers Cured with Different Light Sources

Abstract

The purpose of this study was first to evaluate the elution of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomers from resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and compomers cured with halogen and light-emitting diode (LED) light-curing units (LCUs). The effect of cured materials on the viability of L929 fibroblast cells was also evaluated. One RMGIC (Ketac N100) and two compomers (Dyract Extra and Twinkystar) were tested. Materials were prepared in teflon disks and light-cured with LED or halogen LCUs. The residual monomers of resin materials in solution were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The fibroblast cells' viability was analyzed using MTT assay. The type of LCU did not have a significant effect on the elution of HEMA and TEGDMA. A greater amount of HEMA than TEGMDA was eluted. The amount of TEGDMA eluted from Twinkystar was greater than Dyract Extra (P < 0.05) when cured with a halogen LCU. All material-LCU combinations decreased the fibroblast cells' viability more than the control group (P < 0.01), except for Dyract Extra cured with a halogen LCU (P > 0.05). Curing with the LED LCU decreased the cells' viability more than curing with the halogen LCU for compomers. For Ketac N100, the halogen LCU decreased the cells' viability more than the LED LCU.

In Vitro Evaluation of Cell Compatibility of Dental Cements Used with Titanium Implant Components

“…These observations were related to the cement chemical compositions, in which ZP cements contain phosphoric acid, ZOE cements contain eugenol, and R cements are acrylate‐based, with these components being known skin irritants . Furthermore, studies have shown that R and RMGIC cements leach unreacted hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomers and fluoride ions over a period of several weeks, which can lead to pulpal inflammation and cytotoxicity in preosteoblast and fibroblast cells . High concentrations of eugenol have long been associated with adverse inflammatory reaction, hypersensitivity, and cytotoxicity when in contact with soft‐tissue‐forming and osteoblastic cells .…”

“…38 Furthermore, studies have shown that R and RMGIC cements leach unreacted hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomers and fluoride ions over a period of several weeks, which can lead to pulpal inflammation and cytotoxicity in preosteoblast and fibroblast cells. [39][40][41][42][43][44] High concentrations of eugenol have long been associated with adverse inflammatory reaction, hypersensitivity, and cytotoxicity when in contact with soft-tissue-forming and osteoblastic cells. 45,46 The observations of increased cytotoxicity for R, RMGIC, and ZOE cement compositions in this study can be related to these previous observations in the literature.…”

Bond Strength and Cytotoxicity of a Universal Adhesive According to the Hybridization Strategies to Dentin

“…Therefore, the high number of unreacted free monomers on deep dentin, even after hybrid layer formation, may induce oxidative stress, inflammatory mediator over-expression, depletion of anti-oxidant enzymes and alteration of dental pulp cell phenotypes. Consequently, apoptosis and necrotic cell death, as well as impaired regenerative potential, can be observed in pulp cells exposed to resin monomers (23).…”

“…Lanza et al (4) identified HEMA in the culture medium in contact with MDPC-23 cells 24 h after the application of ASB and CSB to the occlusal sides of dentin discs. Studies have also demonstrated that HEMA is the main resin monomer capable of diffusing through dentin (23), since this monomer is responsible for promoting resin infiltration in deep demineralized dentin (9). It has been shown that this low-molecular-weight monomer is highly cytotoxic, causing pulp cell death mediated by oxidative stress and inhibiting cell phenotype expression related to healing (23).…”

“…Studies have also demonstrated that HEMA is the main resin monomer capable of diffusing through dentin (23), since this monomer is responsible for promoting resin infiltration in deep demineralized dentin (9). It has been shown that this low-molecular-weight monomer is highly cytotoxic, causing pulp cell death mediated by oxidative stress and inhibiting cell phenotype expression related to healing (23). Histopathological studies, in which biocompatible liners such as calcium hydroxide and glass ionomer cements were applied in deep cavities prepared in human teeth, demonstrated that both materials prevent the diffusion of resin monomers from adhesive systems through dentin tubules, with no inflammatory reaction being observed in the subjacent pulp tissue (5,10).…”