Residual levels and dietary risk assessment of bifenthrin and dinotefuran and its major metabolites in open wheat field conditions

Abstract

To evaluate the residual levels of bifenthrin and dinotefuran, a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) and high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous detection of bifenthrin and dinotefuran and its major metabolites in wheat was developed and validated. Dietary risk assessments were further performed based on the relevant residual data from 12 wheat fields, toxicology data and dietary patterns. In wheat grain and straw, the recoveries of all analytes ranged from 77 to 102% with the relative standard deviation <9.7% and the limit of quantitation 0.05 mg kg−1. The highest terminal residue of bifenthrin in wheat grain was 0.069 mg kg−1 and dinotefuran was 0.34 mg kg−1. Residual concentrations of bifenthrin and dinotefuran decreased to <0.05 and 0.15 mg kg−1 at 21 days (pre‐harvest interval), respectively. The chronic risk quotient ranged from 6.4 to 62.7% and the acute risk quotient varied from 0.38 to 17.73%. The chronic and acute dietary risks caused by the terminal residues of the two insecticides were negligible for Chinese populations. The recommended pre‐harvest interval was proposed to ensure safe wheat consumption. These data could provide a scientific reference to establish the Chinese maximum residue limit of dinotefuran in wheat.

Residue levels of emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid and its major metabolites in cabbage from 12 regions in China and dietary risk assessment

“…Based on the diversity of crops (foods) with registered uses of EB and IMI in China, and the dietary patterns among different groups of people (Li & Hu, 2022), chronic dietary risk assessments of EB and IMI for different populations were conducted. The definition of IMI residues for the estimation of dietary intake for plant and animal commodities should be the sum of IMI and its metabolites, including the 6‐chloropyridinyl moiety, expressed as IMI (JMPR, 2015), so the residue concentration of IMI (sum) was used to calculate the NEDI.…”

Dissipation and dietary exposure risk assessment of spinosad, thiocyclam, and its metabolite nereistoxin in cucumber and groundwater for different population groups

“…Exposure to spinosad and thiocyclam through consumption of cucumber was evaluated using the RQ method. The dietary pattern and mean body weights (bw) for different Chinese population groups are presented in Table 2 based on the reports of the Fifth China Total Diet Study (Li & Hu, 2022). ADI for spinosad is 0.02 mg/kg bw (FAO/WHO, 2004, National Health and Wellness Commission, PRC; China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC; State Administration of Market Supervision and Regulation, PRC, 2021).…”

“…The presence of endogenous compounds coextracted with the analyte after sample preparation frequently exhibits ionization interference effects in the mass spectrometer, which is called 'matrix effects' (Li & Hu, 2022). Therefore, it is necessary to assess the matrix effect as it may cause errors in the quantitative or qualitative data.…”

“…To evaluate the environmental risk of With regular and large-scale application of pesticides, pests are more likely to develop resistance. Compared with a single pesticide, mixtures of pesticides are of exceptional interest due to their broader spectrum and higher insecticidal activities (Li & Hu, 2022); 33% spino-sadÁthiocyclam dispersible oil suspension (OD) (3% spinosad + 30% thiocyclam) is being registered as a new commercial formulation to protect cucumber from thrips in China. There is a great concern regarding the risk of the new commercial formulation due to the fact that pesticide residues in agricultural commodities may pose unpredictable adverse effects on public health (Fu et al, 2021).…”