Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria

Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Madkhali, Aymen M; Ghailan, Khalid Y.; Ghzwani, Ahmad Hassn; Zain, Khalid Ammash; Atroosh, Wahib M.; Alshabi, Alkhansa; Khadashi, Hussein A; Darraj, Majid; Eisa, Zaki M.

doi:10.1186/s12936-021-03846-4

“…The results of the present study are applicable to reallife scenarios because Jazan is among the tropical cities with average temperature 30.7 ± 2.28 °C within the range of 23.0-35.1 °C (Al-Mekhlafi et al 2021). Hence, the results of the present study confirmed the optimal rearing for C. albiceps at 30 °C and in line with that discussed in previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Development of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from the Jazan region of Southwest Saudi Arabia under different laboratory temperatures: applications in forensic entomology

Bosly

¹

2021

Egypt J Forensic Sci

1

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (blowflies), family Calliphoridae, is important in forensic entomology, where the minimum and maximum postmortem intervals (PMI) are estimated on the basis of the developmental stages of Diptera larvae that consume dead tissue. The present study was designed to estimate the effects of different ambient temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C) under controlled laboratory conditions on the developmental stages of C. albiceps from the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Results The present study showed that the larval body weight and length were significantly increased when larvae were reared at 30 °C compared with corresponding values at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h at rearing temperatures of 20 °C and 25 °C; however, the weight and length were significantly decreased compared with corresponding values at 96 h at 20 °C and 25 °C. The pupation time was inversely related to the rearing temperature, occurring at 144, 124, and 120 h at rearing temperatures of 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C, respectively. The pupal weight and length were significantly increased in larvae reared at 30 °C compared with those reared at 20 °C and 25 °C. At 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C, larval durations of 5.00, 5.00, and 4.00 days were recorded, respectively. Pupae and adults showed gradual decreases in life stage durations, at 6.00, 5.30, and 4.80 days in pupae and 20.00, 18.70, and 16.90 days in adults, with increasing rearing temperatures. Average adult longevity at 30 °C (194.40 h) was significantly less than adult longevity at 20 °C (216.00 h) and 25 °C (204.60 h). The results showed an inverse relation between durations of developmental stages and rearing temperatures. Conclusions Insect laboratory colonization for the determination of biological characteristics of insects is economically viable for forensic entomology and as a technique for evaluating insect evidence.

show abstract

“…In Saudi Arabia, a national malaria control programme was established in 1948 and since then, substantial progress has been made in reducing the presence of malaria in the country 18 . Saudi Arabia is now in the elimination phase, and malaria transmission is restricted to specific foci in the southwestern parts of the country, particularly in the regions of Jazan and Aseer 19 , 20 . However, while the number of annual malaria cases decreased steadily between 2000 and 2014, an increasing trend has been observed since 2015, with 3658 cases reported in 2020, and 82.6% of those cases were in Jazan region 20 , 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphism analysis of pfmdr1 gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates 11 years post-adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapy in Saudi Arabia

Al-Mekhlafi

¹

,

Madkhali

²

,

Atroosh

³

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A total of 227 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia were amplified for the P. falciparum multi-drug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene to detect point mutations 11 years after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Saudi Arabia. The pfmdr1 86Y mutation was found in 11.5% (26/227) of the isolates while the N86 wild allele was detected in 88.5%. Moreover, 184F point mutations dominated (86.3%) the instances of pfmdr1 polymorphism while no mutation was observed at codons 1034, 1042 and 1246. Three pfmdr1 haplotypes were identified, NFSND (74.9%), NYSND (13.7%) and YFSND (11.4%). Associations of the prevalence of 86Y mutation and YFSND haplotype with participants’ nationality, residency and parasitaemia level were found to be significant (P < 0.05). The findings revealed significant decline in the prevalence of the pfmdr1 86Y mutation in P. falciparum isolates from Jazan region over a decade after the implementation of ACT treatment. Moreover, the high prevalence of the NFSND haplotype might be indicative of the potential emergence of CQ-sensitive but artemether-lumefantrine-resistant P. falciparum strains since the adoption of ACT. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance in Jazan region is highly recommended.

show abstract

“…Aseer. The transmission level peaks between December and March; however, malaria cases are reported throughout the year 20 . Different Anopheles species have been identi ed as vectors for malaria in Jazan region, including An.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Saudi Arabia, a national malaria control programme was established in 1948 and since then, substantial progress has been made in reducing the presence of malaria in the country 18 . Saudi Arabia is now in the elimination phase, and malaria transmission is restricted to speci c foci in the southwestern parts of the country, particularly in the regions of Jazan and Aseer 19,20 . However, while the number of annual malaria cases decreased steadily between 2000 and 2014, an increasing trend has been observed since 2015, with 3,658 cases reported in 2020, and 82.6% of those cases were in Jazan region 20,21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saudi Arabia is now in the elimination phase, and malaria transmission is restricted to speci c foci in the southwestern parts of the country, particularly in the regions of Jazan and Aseer 19,20 . However, while the number of annual malaria cases decreased steadily between 2000 and 2014, an increasing trend has been observed since 2015, with 3,658 cases reported in 2020, and 82.6% of those cases were in Jazan region 20,21 . In 2007, CQ was replaced by ACT for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria, with artesunate + sulfadoxinepyrimethamine or me oquine (AS + SP or MFQ) as the rst-line and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) as the second-line treatment 22,23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Polymorphism Analysis of pfmdr1 Gene in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates 11 Years Post-adoption of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy in Saudi Arabia

Al-Mekhlafi¹,

Madkhali²,

Atroosh³

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A total of 227 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia were amplified for the P. falciparum multi-drug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene to detect point mutations 11 years after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Saudi Arabia. The pfmdr1 86Y mutation was found in 11.5% (26/227) of the isolates while the N86 wild allele was detected in 88.5%. Moreover, 184F point mutations dominated (86.3%) the instances of pfmdr1 polymorphism while no mutation was observed at codons 1034, 1042 and 1246. Three pfmdr1 haplotypes were identified, NFSND (74.9%), NYSND (13.7%) and YFSND (11.4%). Associations of the prevalence of 86Y mutation and YFSND haplotype with participants’ nationality, residency and parasitaemia level were found to be significant (P < 0.05). The findings revealed significant decline in the prevalence of the pfmdr1 86Y mutation in P. falciparum isolates from Jazan region over a decade after the implementation of ACT treatment. Moreover, the high prevalence of the NFSND haplotype might be indicative of the potential emergence of CQ-sensitive but artemether-lumefantrine-resistant P. falciparum strains since the adoption of ACT. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance in Jazan region is highly recommended.

show abstract

Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria

Cited by 30 publications

References 45 publications

Development of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from the Jazan region of Southwest Saudi Arabia under different laboratory temperatures: applications in forensic entomology

Development of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from the Jazan region of Southwest Saudi Arabia under different laboratory temperatures: applications in forensic entomology

Polymorphism analysis of pfmdr1 gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates 11 years post-adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapy in Saudi Arabia

Polymorphism Analysis of pfmdr1 Gene in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates 11 Years Post-adoption of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy in Saudi Arabia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About