Residual polysaccharides from fungi reduce the bacterial spot in tomato plants

Abstract

Polysaccharides from fungal wastes were partially characterized and evaluated for their protective effects against bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas gardneri on four tomato cultivars: Santa Cruz Kada, Natália, BRS Sena and Forty. The polysaccharides were extracted from spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus, residual brewery yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and basidiocarps discarded from Lentinula edodes production. These polysaccharides were characterized for total carbohydrates, phenolics and proteins content, pH, scatter intensity, conductivity, Zeta potential, DPPH scavenging assay and infrared spectroscopy. The effects of time interval between treatment and inoculation (4 or 7 days) and polysaccharide concentrations (0.5 or 1.5 mg.mL-1) were assessed for disease severity using a susceptible tomato cultivar. The polysaccharide action mode was investigated by determining the activity of peroxidases and phenylalanine ammonialyase and by quantifying flavonoids and total phenolics in the plants

Sustainable use of the spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus florida for production of lignocellulolytic enzymes

“…analyses, a high concentration of polysaccharide was obtained from SMS of P. florida (1.99 ± 0.05 mg/ml). Similarly, Aguiar et al [41] reported that 1.5 mg/ml of polysaccharides were obtained from the SMS of P. ostreatus.…”

“…SMS is rich in nutrients and contains cellulose (38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46).6%), lignin (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34).5%), hemicellulose (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27).7%), and other organic matter that make up to 645 to 703.6 g/kg [9]. Recently, SMS has received great attention as a source of reducing sugars in biorefineries for production of biofuel and other biomolecules [10,11].…”

Spent substrate from mushroom cultivation: exploitation potential toward various applications and value-added products

“… Origin of SMS Plant – Pathogen/Pest (disease’s common name) Main outcome Reference Lentinula edodes Arabidopsis – Alternaria brassicicola SMS chitin/cellulose nanofiber complex showed disease suppression and growth promotion [ 135 ] Hypsizygus marmoreus, Pholiota microspora, Lyophyllum decastes , Auricularia polytricha Arabidopsis – A. brassicicola (cabbage’s leaf spot) Antifungal volatile compounds emitted by the SMS suppressed fungal infection when incorporated into the soil (1:2, v/v) [ 136 ] Pleurotus ostreatus Tomato – Fusarium oxysporum (fusarium wilt) SMS bio-fortified with Trichoderma asperellum reduced disease severity by 21.2–84.3% [ 137 ] P. ostreatus , Volvariella volvacea Pepper – Ralstonia solanacearum , Phytophthora capsica and Meloidogyne spp. (Ralstonia wilt, Phytophthora blight, root-knot nematode) Biofertilizer (BF) mixed with composted SMS showed a significantly higher disease-control efficacy than BF alone (59 and 76% for P. ostreatus and V. volvacea , respectively, vs. 37% in plain BF) [ 138 ] P. ostreatus, L. edodes Tomato – Xanthomonas gardneri (bacterial spot) Polysaccharides extracted from SMS (1.5 mg mL −1 ) reduced bacterial spot severity by 50% on tomato cotyledons, leaflets, and five-leaf plants [ 139 ] NR Eggplant – F. oxysporum and R. solanacearum (wilt of eggplant) SMS, farmyard manure and earthworm compost (1:1:1, w/w) was the most effective combination at inhibiting disease incidence (66.9%) [ 140 ] L. edodes Rice – Pyricularia oryzae (rice blast fungus)...…”

“…Paddy straw-based P. ostreatus SMS, bio-fortified with Trichoderma asperellum , led to a remarkable reduction of the severity index of Fusarium oxysporum -induced disease, while it contributed to enhanced tomato growth [ 137 ]. The application of a polysaccharide extract from P. ostreatus SMS and discarded L. edodes mushrooms reduced by 50% the severity of bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas gardneri in tomato cotyledons, leaflets, and five-leaf plants [ 139 ]. Phenolic-rich extracts from P. ostreatus SMS have been shown to prevent the development of the parasitic plant broomrape in faba bean cultivars [ 152 ], and to improve the rice growth and yield parameters [ 153 ].…”

“…Subcritical water extraction (SWE) can be applied to extract bioactive molecules. SWE of polysaccharides from P. ostreatus SMS and L. edodes residual basidiocarps by autoclaving at 120°C has been reported [ 139 ].…”