Residual Stress and Distortion during Quench Hardening of Steels: A Review

Samuel, Augustine; Prabhu, K. Narayan

doi:10.1007/s11665-022-06667-x

Cited by 43 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…[28,29] Mechanically generated heat and mechanical stress on phase transformations, marked with dashed lines in Figure 3, have insignificant effects and therefore are neglected. [8] Each of the fields requires its own set of data such as thermal properties for heat transfer module, mechanical properties for mechanical field and phase transformation data such as critical transformation temperatures, and phase fractions for austenite decomposition. For transformations to ferrite, pearlite, and bainite, a built-in Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov phase transformation model was used, while for martensitic transformation, a built-in Koistinen-Marburger transformation model was used.…”

Section: Formulation Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such studies usually include simulations of quenching processes and validation through quenching experiments. [8] Simulations of quenching process involve simultaneous occurrence of different physical events and their interactions in between and also require the temperature-dependent mechanical and thermal properties, as well as phase transformation data, which can be expensive or time-consuming to obtain experimentally; otherwise, a reliable Hardening of carbon steel products by austenitization and immersion in a quenching medium is a widely used heat treatment to obtain a hard and strong martensitic structure. To avoid the undesired consequences, such as residual stresses or insufficient hardening depth, the cooling rates must be accurately measured and controlled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hardening of Cylindrical Bars with Water Impinging Jet Quenching Technique

Romanov,

Jahedi,

Carlestam

et al. 2024

steel research int.

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Hardening of carbon steel products by austenitization and immersion in a quenching medium is a widely used heat treatment to obtain a hard and strong martensitic structure. To avoid the undesired consequences, such as residual stresses or insufficient hardening depth, the cooling rates must be accurately measured and controlled. This can be achieved using the impinging water jet quenching technique. The aim of this work is to perform hardening of four low‐alloyed 70 mm cylindrical carbon steel bars, using impinging water jet quenching technique with different jet flow rates, and to analyze its effect on thermal evolution and residual stresses. The temperature evolution during quenching experiments is recorded and used as input to a comprehensive quenching model to predict phase transformations, final hardness, and residual stresses of cylindrical bars. All four quenching experiments result in a fully hardened martensitic state. Furthermore, a decrease in jets’ flow rate, within a certain interval, results in different thermal histories and in lower compressive residual stresses on the surface. The results from quenching simulations show promising hardness, microstructure, and residual stress predictions that are validated by hardness measurements, optical microscopy, and residual stress analysis using X‐Ray diffraction method.

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Section: Formulation Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hardening of Cylindrical Bars with Water Impinging Jet Quenching Technique

Romanov,

Jahedi,

Carlestam

et al. 2024

steel research int.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As a common problem, thermal deformation of steel in the heat treatment process has been attracted much attention of researcher till now [13,14]. Besides the temperature induced deformation, phase transformation occurred in cooling process can change the microstructure of the matrix, leading the residual stress and deformation increasing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase transformation and deformation of the high-frequency induction brazed grinding wheel based on multi-field coupling

Wang

Hou

et al. 2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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With the characteristic of the high bonding strength to matrix, good sharpness and large chip-storage spaces, the brazed super abrasive grinding wheels have superiorities in the machining of di cult-tomachine materials. However, thermal deformation is caused by the high temperature during the brazing process, leading the accuracy of the brazed grinding wheel degraded greatly. By means of local heating, high frequency induction brazing can reduce the thermal deformation of the wheel. Aiming at the thermal deformation mechanism of the induction brazed wheel, a numerical simulation model of thermal-stressphase multi-eld coupling was established considering the temperature dependent physical properties of the material. The simulation result indicated that the phase transformation occurred near the work surface of the wheel substrate. The depth of phase transformation layer decreased from 6.0 mm to 2.9 mm with the scanning speed increasing from 0.5 mm/s to 2.0 mm/s. Microstructure of the phase transformation layer mainly consisted of ferrite, pearliten and bainite after brazing. An appropriate scanning speed was more important for the high accuracy of the wheel substrate during the induction brazing, since it had remarkable in uence on the stress and deformation than brazing temperature. The experimental results of the microstructure morphology and deformation proved that the numerical simulation model was correct with 10.4% error.

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“…Various methods have been developed to improve the structural homogeneity and mechanical properties of steels, including vacuum die casting, thermomechanical treatment, and modification with alloying elements. [1][2][3][4] Vacuum casting and thermomechanical treatment are costly and require special equipment. However, modification does not require special equipment, but simply adds modifying elements to the liquid steel, which can improve the performance of steel at basically no increase in cost and without any change in the fabrication process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Modified M2 High‐Speed Steel by Adding La₂O₃ in the Electroslag Casting Process

Hu,

Chen,

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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An electroslag casting method is used to add rare‐earth La to M2 high‐speed steels by adding La2O3 into the molten slag. The effects of the La content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of M2 high‐speed steel are studied. The results show that rare‐earth La is effectively added to steel by taking advantage of the decomposition of La2O3. The rare‐earth La partially modifies the pre‐existing oxide and sulfide inclusions into small and spherical rare‐earth oxysulfide inclusions. By adding an appropriate amount of La, the as‐cast iron dendrite matrix and coarse eutectic carbides can be refined, the carbide content is reduced, the carbide network is broken, and the decomposition of M2C into M6C and MC is promoted. After heat treatment, the network breaking and spheroidalization of the carbides are further facilitated, and the carbide content is reduced. The impact toughness and bending strength of the studied samples are improved by modifying the inclusions and optimizing the microstructure.

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Residual Stress and Distortion during Quench Hardening of Steels: A Review

Cited by 43 publications

References 92 publications

Hardening of Cylindrical Bars with Water Impinging Jet Quenching Technique

Hardening of Cylindrical Bars with Water Impinging Jet Quenching Technique

Phase transformation and deformation of the high-frequency induction brazed grinding wheel based on multi-field coupling

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Modified M2 High‐Speed Steel by Adding La₂O₃ in the Electroslag Casting Process

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Residual Stress and Distortion during Quench Hardening of Steels: A Review

Cited by 43 publications

References 92 publications

Hardening of Cylindrical Bars with Water Impinging Jet Quenching Technique

Hardening of Cylindrical Bars with Water Impinging Jet Quenching Technique

Phase transformation and deformation of the high-frequency induction brazed grinding wheel based on multi-field coupling

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Modified M2 High‐Speed Steel by Adding La2O3 in the Electroslag Casting Process

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Modified M2 High‐Speed Steel by Adding La₂O₃ in the Electroslag Casting Process