Residue Depletion of Imidocarb in Swine Tissue

Abstract

A residue depletion study was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine a withdrawal period of imidocarb (IMD) in swine tissues. The drug was administered intramuscularly (im) at the dose of 2.0 mg kg(-1) of body weight (bw) once a day for 3 days. Samples of muscle, fat, liver, kidney, and injection site muscle from 5 pigs were collected on 7, 14, 28, and 56 days after the last administration. Quantitative analysis of IMD was conducted by HPLC-UV at 260 nm after liquid-liquid extraction. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was 0.1 microg g(-1) for liver and kidney and 0.05 microg g(-1) for muscle and fat, respectively. Mean recoveries of IMD in all fortified samples at a concentration range of 0.1-25 microg g(-1) were 69.5-89.3%, with a coefficient of variation (CV) below 13.3%. In swine, the highest drug levels occurred in liver and kidney during the whole study period, suggesting that these tissues are targets for residues. IMD concentrations in all examined tissues were below the accepted maximum residue limits (MRLs) recommended by the Committee for Veterinary Medical Products (CVMP) of the European Medical Evaluation Agency (EMEA) at 54 days post-treatment.

Dual-channel optical sensing platform for detection of diminazene aceturate based on thioglycolic acid-wrapped cadmium telluride/cadmium sulfide quantum dots

“…The increasing concern about food safety issues, especially chemical residues in food animals, has stimulated active research in recent years [1][2][3]. Residues of these chemicals may enter the food chain and compromise human health, so the importance of ensuring food safety through the reduction of chemical residues in our food supply cannot be overemphasized.…”

Determination of imidocarb in animal biosamples using simple high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection

“…Imidocarb is usually administered as dipropionate salt (1)(2)(3). In veterinary medicine, it is used in cattle, horses, sheep, and domestic animals including cats and dogs, for the treatment of anaplasmosis and babesiosis (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Findings of recent studies show that significant residues of imidocarb were detected in bovine and ovine tissues and milk following the administration of 14 C-imidocarb dipropionate (2,3,9).…”

“…Therefore, we have developed an HPLC method to quantify imidocarb residues in animal tissues using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up process. Wang et al (8) suggested an HPLC method for imidocarb residue determination in swine tissue, however, this method did not involve a solid-phase clean-up process. Tarbin and Shearer (11) also reported a method for determining imidocarb using HPLC with SPE, however, that method was applied only to a bovine kidney sample.…”

Induced mitotic homologous recombination by the babesicide imidocarb dipropionate in Aspergillus nidulans diploid cells

“…In addition to being a well-recognized disease of veterinary importance in cattle, horses, dogs, and other domestic animals, babesiosis has been characterized as a human infectious disease, especially in persons with underlying immunosuppressive conditions, including HIV coinfection, malignancy, immunosuppressive medication, and splenectomy (Froberg et al, 2004;Stowell et al, 2007;Krause et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2009;Haapasalo et al, 2010).…”

“…In addition to providing protection against clinical diseases in domestic animals, IMD also allows a sufficient level of infection for immunity development, which represents an attractive approach of the drug, especially in areas where babesiosis is endemic (Zintl et al, 2003;Vial and Gorenflot, 2006). Despite its efficacy, previous studies have reported that IMD residues are retained in high and persistent amounts in animal edible tissues, such as liver and kidney of cattle, swine and sheep (Lai et al, 2002;Belloli et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2009). The literature indicates two explanations for the retention of IMD in animal tissues after a therapeutic dose: a) the resistance of the drug to biotransformation processes, and b) IMD's higher capacity to bind to nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) than to other macromolecules, such as hemoglobin and serum albumin, providing a cellular mechanism to account for IMD retention in animal tissues such as the liver, which has a higher DNA content (Coldham et al, 1995;Moore et al, 1996;Belloli et al, 2006).…”