Residue levels of malathion and its metabolites and fenitrothion in post-harvest treated wheat during storage, milling and baking

Fate of Pesticide Residues on Raw Agricultural Crops after Postharvest Storage and Food Processing to Edible Portions

“…As already reported for grain storage, pesticides are retained on the seed coat and tent to concentrate to the bran and germ which contain high levels of triglycerides and in consequence the lipophilcity of the pesticide residue on the processed grain may forecast its fate in the processed food product during grain milling. In conclusion Kow may adequate explain the different reductions of different pesticides that have been reported in wheat through milling; the reduction of malathion and fenitrothion was about 95%-100%, (Uygun et al, 2005), the reduction of deltamethrin was about 57.6% (Marei et al, 1995) in wheat through milling to flour.…”

“…Furthermore, during grain storage insecticides may be applied post-harvest to reduce losses from storage pests (Holland, 1994), thus making cereal grains a potent source of pesticide residues through diet exposure. The most widely studied insecticides in grain storage are the organophosphates malathion, pirimiphos methyl, chlorpyrifos methyl and their dissipation after 5-8 months of storage could ranged from 50-86% depending of pesticide Kow, type of applied formulation and storage temperature and humidity ( Uygun et al, 2009;Uygun et al, 2008;Uygun et al, 2007;Balinova, 2006;Uygun et al, 2005). The mechanism proposed was that insecticides adsorbed to the grain are desorbed by water and become available for degradation by storage fungi, enzymes, metal ions and other active molecules (Holland 1994).…”

“…In most studies on the distribution of pesticide residues (chlorpyrifos methyl, pirimiphos methyl, malathion, isomalathion, fenitrothion) during grain milling, the pesticide residues levels in bran are consistently higher than in wheat, usually by a factor of about 2-6 (Balinova et al, 2006;Uygun et al, 2005). Furthermore it has been reported that a considerable part of the insecticides is distributed in the semolina fractions.…”

Effect of Refining Processes on Magnitude and Nature of Fenitrothion and Pirimiphos-Methyl Residues in Maize Oil and Bioavailability of their Cake Residues on Rats*

“…It is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide, non-systemic and non-persistent (8,9) and moderately toxic to mammals (10,11) . It is also used in agriculture to control insects on rice, wheat, barley, soybeans, cereals, fruits, coffee (9) and as a grain protectant and it finds use in horticulture, forestry, domestic and as a residual spray in homes for malaria control and public health applications (10,12) .…”

Pesticide Residue Dissipation Upon Storage and Processing in Chickpea Legume for Food Safety

“…[13][14][15] Stored grains being treated with chemical pesticides show presence of bound residues even after fairly long periods of storage contributing to dietary intake of pesticides. 7 Food processing at domestic and industrial level would offer a suitable, simple and cost effective means to tackle the situation of pesticide contaminated food matrix.…”