Residues determination and dietary exposure to ethoxyquin and ethoxyquin dimer in farmed aquatic animals in South Korea

Choi, Seok Reyol; Kwon, Nam ji; Kang, Hui-Seung; Kim, Joohye; Cho, Byung-Hoon; Oh, Jae-Ho

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107067

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The degradation rate constant k (day −1 ) and dissipation half‐life t 1/2 of penicillin G in field trials were calculated by the first‐order kinetics equations:

italicCt = C_{0} e^{- italickt}

t_{1 / 2} = ()(, 1 normaln 2) / k

The risk assessment of dietary exposure to penicillin G [sum of penicillin G, penilloic acid and penillic acid, expressed as penicillin G, and residues less than the limit of quantitation (LOQ) calculated by LOQ] residues in citrus was evaluated on the basis of the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) (Choi et al, 2020). The risk assessment calculations based on the estimated daily intake [EDI, mg/(kg·bw·day)] and the acceptable daily intake [ADI, mg/(kg·bw·day)] were determined as follows:

EDI = \frac{\sum ()(, STMR \times F)}{normalb . normalw .}

where F is the food consumption data (g/person/day).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dissipation and residue determination of penicillin G and its two metabolites in citrus under field conditions by DSPE/UPLC–MS/MS

Zhou

Dong

et al. 2020

Biomedical Chromatography

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A rapid determination method of residual penicillin G and its two metabolites in citrus was developed and validated by dispersive solid‐phase extraction and ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (DSPE/UPLC–MS/MS). The samples were extracted with 80% acetonitrile and purified with octadecylsilane. High linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients (r2) >0.9981. The limits of quantification were 0.005–0.01 mg/kg. The recoveries of penicillin G and its metabolites spiked in blank citrus were within 76.7–107%, with relative standard deviations of 1.3–9.6%. The dissipation dynamics and distribution of penicillin G in citrus followed first‐order kinetics, with half‐life of 1.7–2.7 days. Penicillin G degraded easily in citrus and the metabolite was mainly penilloic acid, which can exist stably for long time. The terminal residues of penicillin G in pulp, whole citrus and peels were 0.015–0.701, 0.047–7.653 and 0.162–13.376 mg/kg, respectively. The hazard indexes for risk assessment of citrus were significantly <1, suggesting that the health risks to humans after consumption of citrus were insignificant and negligible. These results could provide necessary data for evaluating the safe and proper use of penicillin G in citrus.

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“…The degradation rate constant k (day −1 ) and dissipation half‐life t 1/2 of penicillin G in field trials were calculated by the first‐order kinetics equations:

italicCt = C_{0} e^{- italickt}

t_{1 / 2} = ()(, 1 normaln 2) / k

EDI = \frac{\sum ()(, STMR \times F)}{normalb . normalw .}

where F is the food consumption data (g/person/day).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the sum of HQs for Satsuma Mandarin and Newhall Navel Orange, the HI for penicillin G was calculated using Equation 5 (Juan‐Borras, Domenech, & Escriche, 2016). Typically, HI > 100% and <100% indicates an unacceptable and minimal risk to humans risk to humans, respectively (Choi et al, 2020; WHO, 2016; You et al, 2016; Zhang et al, 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissipation and residue determination of penicillin G and its two metabolites in citrus under field conditions by DSPE/UPLC–MS/MS

Zhou

Dong

et al. 2020

Biomedical Chromatography

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“…For example, Aoki et al [14] developed a high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection for EQ in animal-origin food with limit of detection (LOD) of 10 ng/g, while Rodríguez-Gómez et al [15] developed a liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection for EQ in aquatic products with LOD of 5 ng/g. Moreover, several LC-MS/MS methods have been developed for the determination of EQ and its metabolites in aquatic animal tissues [17,18]. In this study, a GC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was firstly developed to simultaneously determine the residual amount of EQ, EQI and EQDM in swine tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of ethoxyquin and its oxidation products in swine tissues by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for evaluating the feed-to-animal tissue transfer of ethoxyquin and its metabolites

Zhang

Gai

Tian

et al. 2021

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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Background Ethoxyquin (EQ) is a common antioxidant which is widely used in animal feed. But the supplement of EQ in animal feed may lead to the residues of EQ and its major oxidation products: ethoxyquin quinone imine (EQI) and ethoxyquin dimer (EQDM) in animal tissue. Thus, it would pose potential health hazards to consumers. However, the method for the simultaneous determination of EQ, EQI and EQDM in animal tissues is currently not available, and the accumulation extend of these chemicals in animal tissues after EQ administration remains to be evaluated. Results A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully developed for the simultaneous determination of EQ, EQI and EQDM in swine tissues. The quantitative limits of EQ, EQI and EQDM can achieve to 0.5, 5.0 and 5.0 μg/kg in swine tissues, respectively. The spiked-recovery ratios of the three analytes (5–2000 μg/kg) were in the range of 64.7%–100.7% with relative standard deviations below 11.6%. Moreover, the utilization of this method for the analysis of actual swine tissue samples revealed that the application of commercial EQ additive in swine diet would produce the residues of all the three chemicals (EQ, EQI and EQDM) in fat, kidney, liver and muscle. Conclusions The assay accuracy and precision of this GC-MS/MS method can meet the requirement of quantitative analysis. Meanwhile, the safety of EQ as a feed additive should be seriously considered with regard to food safety concerns since the oxidation product of EQ may have potential carcinogenicity.

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“…In addition, it is used as a colour preservative in spices and as an anti-degradation agent in rubber [4]. It is widely used as a technological additive in food for pets and livestock animals and farmed fish feed to protect it from lipid peroxidation and preserve the stability of fat-soluble vitamins [5]. It affect the animal's well-being and food safety together [6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethoxyquin and Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene Induced Hepatotoxic Effect Via Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress in Rats: Tissue Injury-Related CYP1A1 Gene Expression

Hegab

Mohammed

Metwally

et al. 2021

Zagazig Veterinary Journal

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Animal feed may contain different phenolic antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), and ethoxyquin (EQ). EQ and BHT at high concentrations can have a pro-oxidant effect and can cause adverse health effects in animals. This study was designed to evaluate the hepatotoxic effect of EQ and / or BHT in rats. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to five groups of 10 rats each as following: the first group served as control and did not receive any treatments; the second group served as vehicle control and was orally given corn oil. The third group was orally administered EQ day after day in a dose of 1/5 of LD50, the fourth group was orally received BHT day after day in a dose of 1/5 LD50. The fifth group was orally administered both EQ and BHT at the same doses and durations described above. The duration of this study was 45 and 90 days. The results revealed that EQ, BHT and their co-exposure caused a significant decrease in levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzyme (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH)) in rats. Also a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels was recorded in serum of rats. Co-exposure group had a significant increase in DNA damage variables (% tail DNA, tail length, and Olive Tail Moment (OTM)), strong immuno positive reactivity of caspase3 and up regulation of CYP1A1 gene expression in the liver cells of exposed rats. In conclusion, we can state that EQ and BHT are potentially hepatotoxic compounds where the oxidative stress could be accepted as a possible mechanism of their toxicity. Therefore, the utilization of such compounds as feed additives should be more controlled and limited.

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Residues determination and dietary exposure to ethoxyquin and ethoxyquin dimer in farmed aquatic animals in South Korea

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Dissipation and residue determination of penicillin G and its two metabolites in citrus under field conditions by DSPE/UPLC–MS/MS

Dissipation and residue determination of penicillin G and its two metabolites in citrus under field conditions by DSPE/UPLC–MS/MS

Analysis of ethoxyquin and its oxidation products in swine tissues by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for evaluating the feed-to-animal tissue transfer of ethoxyquin and its metabolites

Ethoxyquin and Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene Induced Hepatotoxic Effect Via Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress in Rats: Tissue Injury-Related CYP1A1 Gene Expression

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