Resilience and Restoration of Lakes

Carpenter, Stephen R.; Cottingham, Kathryn L.

doi:10.5751/es-00020-010102

Cited by 189 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…First one, termed as the 'engineering resilience' defines it as the speed of bouncing back of any perturbed system (Pimm 1984). The other one, termed the 'ecological resilience', is about the amount of stress that the system can tolerate before flipping from its original state to another stable but degraded state (Holling 1995, Carpenter andCottingham 1997). In this paper we follow the 'ecological resilience' definition to model the impact of restoration.…”

Section: Basic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental restoration of invaded ecosystems: How much versus how often?

Ranjan

2008

Journal of Environmental Management

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This paper derives the optimal level of restorative efforts required to restore environments degraded by invasive species invasion. Specific attention is focused on a case when the restoration faces the risk of failure through relapse of the restored environment. The level of restored environment may also play a role in its future improvement or susceptibility to failure. The tradeoff between the optimal level of environmental quality and number of restorative efforts required to attain that given environmental quality is analyzed.

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Section: Basic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental restoration of invaded ecosystems: How much versus how often?

Ranjan

2008

Journal of Environmental Management

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“…The shallower the lake is, the faster it will become eutrophic. This is because the shallow depths mean the volume of water per sediment area is smaller; accordingly, the lake's dilution capacity is smaller (Carpenter & Cottingham 1997). Second, the high nutrient concentrations are affected by the geological conditions of the Yangtze floodplain.…”

Section: Regional Characteristics Of Long-term Lake Nutrient Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical trophic evolution resulting from changes in climate and ecosystem in Lake Taihu and seven other lakes, China

Guo

Qin

2015

Journal of Freshwater Ecology

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Under natural conditions, the evolution of lake trophic status is not only influenced by climatic and hydrological factors but also by the biological interactions and feedbacks occurring within the lake ecosystem. To envision long-term changes of lake trophic status in several shallow lakes from the Yangtze River basin, we focused on variations in nutrient level and attempted to use both hydrologic-and ecodynamic-based physical models. One was an equivalent-hydrology model with external driving forces from catchment climate and hydrology changes (Model 1), the other was a dynamic model with internal driving forces from the biological interactions within the lake ecosystem (Model 2). Two models were employed in order to distinguish the effects of climate change (by Model 1) from ecosystem feedbacks (by Model 2) on the longterm lake nutrients changes and to further determine which driver was the primary cause for the changes. Variations in lake producer biomass and total phosphorus (TP) were simulated for a historic 200-yr period (1640À1840 AD) in Lake Taihu and seven other similar lakes from the Yangtze River basin after calibration and validation of the control runs (1950À2000 AD). Results showed that (1) TP simulations by Model 1 and Model 2 were mostly consistent with the reconstructed nutrient records from lake sediment cores; (2) the long-term variations of lake nutrients were primarily affected by precipitation under the influence of climate change and the decreases in lake nutrients were more likely to respond to the dry climate; and (3) approximately 49% of the variability in nutrient concentrations were contributed by the feedback of biological interactions in the lake ecosystem. The study results provide a scientific basis for long-term control of nutrients in lakes along the middleÀlower reaches of the Yangtze River.

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“…For years, managers of lake systems focused on managing the water clarity of lakes (a fast changing variable), which can change quickly after a storm or heavy use by people. However, eventually, ecologists recognized the need to focus more on soil erosion and nutrient levels, which ultimately control the vulnerability of a lake to algae blooms and decreasing water clarity (Janssen and Carpenter 1999;Carpenter and Cottingham 1997). Ecology tells us that if we focus on the slow changing variables, managing fast changing variables will be easier.…”

Section: Increase Focus On Medium and Longer-term Goalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking US climate advocacy

Luers¹

2013

Climatic Change

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The US climate movement has failed to create the political support needed to pass significant climate policy. It is time to reassess climate advocacy. To develop a strategy for philanthropy to strengthen climate engagement, I interviewed over 40 climate advocates,more than a dozen representatives from the foundation community, and a dozen academics. My assessment led me to conclude that climate advocates have focused too narrowly on specific policy goals and insufficiently on influencing the larger political landscape. I suggest four ways to improve climate advocacy: 1) Increase focus on medium and longer-term goals; 2) Start with people and not carbon; 3) Focus more on values and less on science; and 4) Evaluate what works and share what we learn. To accomplish these strategies, social scientists and advocates must work together to build a culture of learning. Meanwhile, philanthropy must empower experimentation and incentivize knowledge sharing.Decarbonizing the US economy is primarily a social and political challenge. We already have the technical know-how to achieve significant carbon reductions, yet social inertia and vested corporate and political interests are preventing progress. To reduce the extent and severity of future climate change, we must break through these barriers and build greater demand and political will for significant climate policy.Today, most Americans believe that climate change is real and at least partly human caused (Leiserowitz et al. 2012; Boston Krosnick et al. 2009). However, after over a decade of extensive efforts by advocates and scientists to engage the public on the issue, the vast majority of Americans still see climate change as a low priority issue (Pew 2012;Nisbet and Myers 2007). Until it rises higher in society's concerns, we will only nibble around the edge of addressing this crisis. To shift this trend, many in the community have begun to rethink their approach to climate advocacy.One key reason we have failed to pass comprehensive climate legislation, recent studies argue, is that advocates have not effectively engaged the public, especially at the grassroots level (Bartosiewicz and Miley 2013;Skocpol 2013). This shortcoming can be attributed in part to how the philanthropic sector has prioritized its funding, focusing largely on policy and technical approaches to environmental issues, rather than the social and political dimensions of Climatic Change

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Resilience and Restoration of Lakes

Abstract: Abstract•

Cited by 189 publications

References 6 publications

Environmental restoration of invaded ecosystems: How much versus how often?

Environmental restoration of invaded ecosystems: How much versus how often?

Historical trophic evolution resulting from changes in climate and ecosystem in Lake Taihu and seven other lakes, China

Rethinking US climate advocacy

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