Resilience, condom use self-efficacy, internalized homophobia, and condomless anal sex among black men who have sex with men, New York City

Abstract

Background Black men who have sex with men, who account for less than 1% of the U.S. population, account for approximately 25% of new HIV infections annually. Condomless anal sex contributes to HIV infection among black men who have sex with men. The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties (resilience) may be protective against condomless anal sex, but has been understudied among black men who have sex with men. Psychosocial factors related to resilience, i.e., condom use self-efficacy and internalized homophobia, may also affect condomless anal sex. We assessed the association between resilience, condom use self-efficacy, internalized homophobia and condomless anal sex among black men who have sex with men. Methods Data are from a 2010–2011 study examining condomless anal sex (past 60 days) among black men who have sex with men in New York City. Validated scales assessed resilience (theoretical range = 0–100), condom use self-efficacy (theoretical range = 27–135), and internalized homophobia (theoretical range = 9–36). We described continuous variables using median and interquartile range (IQR). Univariable and multivariable Poisson regression models assuming a robust variance estimator were used to compute unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios, respectively, and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) examined the association of resilience, condom use self-efficacy, and internalized homophobia with condomless anal sex, while controlling for potential confounders (e.g., having >1 sex partner). Results The median resilience score within our sample (N = 228) was 75 (IQR = 66–83). Many black men who have sex with men reported condomless anal sex (55.7%) and >1 sex partner (58.8%). Decreased condomless anal sex was associated with increased levels of condom use self-efficacy (aPR: 0.94 per 10-point increase in condom use self-efficacy score; CI: 0.90–0.97; p -value: 0.001). Condomless anal sex was not associated with resilience or internalized homophobia. Conclusions Within this sample of black men who have sex with men, condomless anal sex was prevalent. Greater resilience was not protective against condomless anal sex. Interventions that support condom use are warranted for black men who have sex with men.

Influence of Internalised Homonegativity on Sexual Risk Behaviour of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Spain

“…Contrary to our hypothesis that IH will be positively associated with SRB, we did not find any direct effect of IH on SRB. Some studies found that higher levels of IH leads to SRB (Folch et al, 2009;Puckett et al, 2017), while some studies did not find evidence for this direct relationship (Dawson et al, 2019;Puckett et al, 2017), including ours. Therefore, our study further contributes to the literature which suggest that there might be potential mediating variables that affect the relation between IH and SRB (Kashubeck-West & Szymanski, 2008a;Newcomb & Mustanski, 2010b).…”

Roles of Social Capital in the Association Between Internalized Homophobia and Condomless Sex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Southwest China: A Four-Way Decomposition

“…They also suffer more adverse mental status (e.g., anxiety, low condom use self-efficacy) [15,54] and behavior (e.g., substance use) [20], increasing their condomless sex behavior. Besides, subgroup analysis suggested that the risk of condomless sex due to IH and the mediation and interaction effect of SC were only significant in the homosexual subgroups.…”

HIV vulnerability among CAPSad users: Relationship between beliefs and health behaviors

“…This is in line with previous studies. Dawson et al (2019) assessed the association between resilience, condom use self-efficacy, internalized homophobia, and unprotected anal sex among black men who have sex with men in New York City. The authors concluded that only increased levels of condom use self-efficacy were correlated with decreased unprotected anal sex.…”