Resilience mediates parenting style associated school bullying victimization in Chinese children and adolescents

Abstract

Background Existing evidence has shown that negative parenting style elevates the risk of school bullying victimization in children and adolescents. Resilience may play as a mediating factor in this association. However, this hypothesis has not been investigated. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 4582 Chinese children and adolescents had been surveyed by self-administered questionnaire. The Chinese version of Egna Minnen av. Barndoms Uppfostra (s-EMBU-C), the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) and the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RSCA) were used to collect relevant information. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the crude and adjusted associations between parenting style, resilience, and bullying victimization. Path analysis was used to estimate the mediation via resilience in the association between parenting style and bullying victimization. Results After adjustment for possible covariates, the results of multivariate binary logistic regression model suggested that among all dimensions of parenting style, mother’s and father’s rejection were significantly associated with school bullying victimization. Path analysis revealed a statistically significant mediation of resilience in the association between parental rejection and bullying victimization, and among the five dimensions of resilience, emotion regulation, family support and interpersonal assistance accounted for the highest proportions of mediation. Conclusions For children and adolescents who suffered from parental rejection, building up resilience, especially those measures aiming at improving emotion regulation ability and consolidating family and peer support, might be effective in reducing risk of school bullying victimization.

Parental Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Bullying Victimization in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…The second objective was to examine whether maternal and paternal (i.e., risk and protective) factors are differently associated with bullying victimization (i.e., traditional and cyber). Overall, our results indicated that the practices of both parents impact a child's risk of being bullied and are supported by previous studies that have reported similarities in how mothers' and fathers' relationships with their children influence traditional (e.g., Chen et al, 2022;Freitas et al, 2022) or cyberbullying victimization (e.g., Larrañaga et al, 2016;Garaigordobil & Navarro, 2022). Furthermore, our results indicated that maternal and paternal factors were common predictors of traditional and cyberbullying victimization, showing associations of similar magnitude.…”

“…Taken together, our results suggest that parents may have a greater impact on bullying victimization occurring in the offline context. All parental factors directed at the child (i.e., parental rejection, control, parenting styles, and monitoring) and the relationship between parents (i.e., inter-parental Table 2 Effect sizes of the associations between parental protective and risk factors and traditional bullying victimization k number of studies, N number of participants, LCI lower confidence interval, UCI upper confidence interval, I 2 percentage of heterogeneity, NA not applicable a All results are reported with r correlation (significant results are marked with italic) b Outliers were defined as studies in which the 95% CI was outside the 95% CI of the pooled studies: Alcantara et al ( 2017 c Fair and good studies were defined as studies which had less than 50% (respectively 75% for good quality) risk of bias accordingly to NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies NIH (2014) detailed in Table A.1 d Beran and Violato (2004), Chen et al (2022), Chui et al (2022, Garaigordobil and Machimbarrena (2017), Hokada et al (2006), Hong et al (2021a), Ioannidou et al (2021, Kokkinos and Panayiotou (2007), Krisnana et al (2021), Lardier et al (2016 conflict) were relevant in protecting or putting children at risk of being bullied at school. Of these, the dimensions of parental rejection have been previously examined through a meta-analysis, showing that parental warmth, in the form of communication and trust, reduced the risk of being bullied, while parental rejection, in the form of alienation, increased the risk (Ward et al, 2018).…”

“…In the bullying victimization literature, factors linking parenting to bullying victimization are more often inferred, and studies testing specific mechanisms are relatively scarce, although they could offer valuable insight into the pathways through which bullying victimization occurs. Existing empirical findings have indicated that parental rejection dimensions act as risk or protective factors in bullying victimization primarily through child's emotional difficulties (Kaufman et al, 2020;Shin et al, 2016), regulation skills (Chen et al, 2022;Samper-García et al, 2021), and bullying perpetration (Kaufman et al, 2020), while parental control (i.e., over-involvement) impacts the risk of being bullied through child's self-control (Li et al, 2015) and basic psychological need satisfaction (Peng et al, 2023). Furthermore, parenting styles (i.e., authoritative and authoritarian) have been shown to indirectly predict bullying victimization through peer alienation (Charalampous et al, 2018) or locus of control (Georgiou et al, 2017).…”

“…Additionally, factors such as family support (Fanti et al, 2012), parental supervision (Le et al, 2017), or authoritative parenting (Charalampous et al, 2018) predict lower levels of bullying victimization. The existing conceptual models suggest these parental factors are risk or protective to the extent that they influence children's characteristics that create proximal vulnerability to bullying victimization (e.g., Shin et al, 2016;Kaufman et al, 2020;Chen et al, 2022;Samper-García et al, 2021;Li et al, 2015;Charalampous et al, 2018). Specifically, negative parenting has been shown to predict more socio-emotional and behavioral difficulties in children, which, in turn, increase their risk of being bullied.…”

The Relationship of Sports Participation on School Bullying among College Students: The Mediating Role of Psychological resilience and the Moderating Role of Self-Esteem

“…Furthermore, this study found that psychological resilience signi cantly negatively predicts the occurrence of school bullying, meaning that lower levels of psychological resilience increase the risk of experiencing bullying, whereas higher levels decrease it. Scholars [73][74][75][76] argue that psychological resilience is a protective factor against school bullying, with a negative correlation between personal resilience and bullying incidents; higher personal resilience leads to reduced bullying risks. Research also con rms [29,40,44,69,77] that enhancing individual psychological resilience can buffer the impact of negative life events, aiding victims in overcoming crises, reducing the harm caused by bullying incidents, and lowering the risk of being bullied again.…”