Resilient and Sustainable PD-(1+PI) Controller for a Smart grid in Uncertain Environments

Abstract

Conventional power systems become modern and smart by integrating renewable power sources and devices with two-way communication, making the system more complicated. The uncertain and unpredictable behavior of renewable sources creates an uncertain environment where frequency and power imbalance occur in the smart grid. Therefore, this paper proposed a novel smart grid frequency regulation controller using a Parasitism Predation Algorithm (PPA)-based PD-(1+PI) controller. It also investigated the performance of the PPA-optimized PID for smart grid frequency regulation. In comparison to results obtained from PPA-based PI, PID, PI-PD controller, PD-PI controller, and standard PID controller, it is also shown that PPA-based PD-(1+PI) controller is particularly effective in regulating the frequency in various uncertain conditions. The frequency stability 1 of the smart grid with the suggested PD-(1+PI) controller is exhibited through bode analysis. Further, the adaptive behavior of the PD-(1+PI) controller has been showcased through the sensitivity analysis due to the inconsistencies in the parameters of the smart grid.