Resin infusion process monitoring using graphene coated glass fabric sensors and infusible thermoplastic and thermoset matrices

Khan, Tayyab; Ali, Muhammad A.; Irfan, Muhammad; Khan, Kamran A.; Liao, Kin; Umer, Rehan

doi:10.1002/pc.26587

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Examples of carbon nanomaterials successfully used as sensors for resin flow monitoring are carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coated sensors [ 66 , 83 , 84 ] and graphene-coated sensors [ 85 , 86 ], of which the former proved to be better performing [ 87 ]. Dai et al [ 66 ], in particular, realized a 400 μm thick areal sensor formed by a resistive CNTs network deposited on an E-glass fabric mat using a dip-coating process.…”

Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

2023

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Liquid composite molding (LCM) is a class of fast and cheap processes suitable for the fabrication of large parts with good geometrical and mechanical properties. One of the main steps in an LCM process is represented by the filling stage, during which a reinforcing fiber preform is impregnated with a low-viscosity resin. Darcy’s permeability is the key property for the filling stage, not usually available and depending on several factors. Permeability is also essential in computational modeling to reduce costly trial-and-error procedures during composite manufacturing. This review aims to present the most used and recent methods for permeability measurement. Several solutions, introduced to monitor resin flow within the preform and to calculate the in-plane and out-of-plane permeability, will be presented. Finally, the new trends toward reliable methods based mainly on non-invasive and possibly integrated sensors will be described.

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Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

2023

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“…Apart from the signal, different parameters also need to be archived such as, sensor calibration, coating parameters, etc. 45 . There is huge amount of quantifiable parameters that can be recorded from the coating stage such as, concentration of the coating solution, sonication parameters (time, temperature and frequency), number of coating layers, rGO reduction time and temperature etc.…”

Section: Creating Reduced Graphene Oxide Strain Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All three stages are prone to process variabilities and need to be monitored using strain and pressure sensors. In the reported literature, rGO embedded fabric sensors have been employed for monitoring LCM processes 44 , 45 , which are some of the commonly used out-of-autoclave composite manufacturing processes. The rGO coated fabric based sensors are now being used in a variety of geometric forms (point sensors, line sensors, or area sensors) and configurations for monitoring applications 45 .…”

Section: Data Generated By Reduced Graphene Oxide Strain Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene nanoparticles as data generating digital materials in industry 4.0

Ali

Irfan

Khan

et al. 2023

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One of the potential applications of 2D materials is to enhance multi-functionality of structures and components used in aerospace, automotive, civil and defense industries. These multi-functional attributes include sensing, energy storage, EMI shielding and property enhancement. In this article, we have explored the potential of using graphene and its variants as data generating sensory elements in Industry 4.0. We have presented a complete roadmap to cover three emerging technologies i.e. advance materials, artificial intelligence and block-chain technology. The utility of 2D materials such as graphene nanoparticles is yet to be explored as an interface for digitalization of a modern smart factory i.e. “factory-of-the-future”. In this article, we have explored how 2D material enhanced composites can act as an interface between physical and cyber spaces. An overview of employing graphene-based smart embedded sensors at various stages of composites manufacturing processes and their application in real-time structural health monitoring is presented. The technical challenges associated with interfacing graphene-based sensing networks with digital space are discussed. Additionally, an overview of the integration of associated tools such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and block-chain technology with graphene-based devices and structures is also presented.

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“…In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to shift towards sustainability in the composites industry, and one of the primary research areas in this context has been the development of liquid thermoplastic resins and adhesives that can be cured at room temperature, such as Elium ® resin [ 28 ]. In contrast to other thermoplastic resins, Elium ® is a liquid resin with a viscosity comparable to that of conventional thermoplastic resins (i.e., 0.1 Pa.s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repair of Aerospace Composite Structures Using Liquid Thermoplastic Resin

2023

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In this study, two types of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite scarf geometries were created using two scarf angles, i.e., 1.43° and 5.71°. The scarf joints were adhesively bonded using a novel liquid thermoplastic resin at two different temperatures. The performance of the repaired laminates was compared with pristine samples in terms of residual flexural strength using four-point bending tests. The repair quality of the laminates was examined by optical micrographs, and the failure modes after flexural tests were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The thermal stability of the resin was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), whereas the stiffness of the pristine samples was determined using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that the laminates were not fully repaired under ambient conditions, and the highest recovery strength at room temperature was only 57% of the total strength exhibited by pristine laminates. Increasing the bonding temperature to an optimal repair temperature of 210 °C resulted in a significant improvement in the recovery strength. The best results were achieved for laminates with a higher scarf angle (5.71°). The highest residual flexural strength was recorded as 97% that of the pristine sample repaired at 210 °C with a scarf angle of 5.71°. The SEM micrographs showed that all the repaired samples exhibited delamination as the dominant failure mode, whereas the pristine samples exhibited dominant fiber fracture and fiber pullout failure modes. The residual strength recovered using liquid thermoplastic resin was found to be much higher than that reported for conventional epoxy adhesives.

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Resin infusion process monitoring using graphene coated glass fabric sensors and infusible thermoplastic and thermoset matrices

Cited by 25 publications

References 89 publications

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

Graphene nanoparticles as data generating digital materials in industry 4.0

Repair of Aerospace Composite Structures Using Liquid Thermoplastic Resin

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