Resistance Exercise-Induced Responses in Physiological Factors Linked with Cognitive Health

Marston, Kieran J.; Brown, Belinda M.; Rainey-Smith, Stephanie R.; Peiffer, Jeremiah J.

doi:10.3233/jad-181079

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 235 publications

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“…Thus, many works have explored exercise effects on human brain, as a potential therapy for cognitive decline prevention/delay . Hippocampus is one of the main brain regions affected by neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Autophagy is required for performance adaptive response to resistance training and exercise‐induced adult neurogenesis

Codina-Martínez

Fernández‐García

Díez-Planelles

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Endurance training promotes exercise-induced adaptations in brain, like hippocampal adult neurogenesis and autophagy induction. However, resistance training effect on the autophagy response in the brain has not been much explored. Questions such as whether partial systemic autophagy or the length of training intervention affect this response deserve further attention. Therefore, 8-week-old male wild-type (Wt; n = 36) and systemic autophagy-deficient (atg4b −/− , KO; n = 36) mice were randomly distributed in three training groups, resistance (R), endurance (E), and control (non-trained), and in two training periods, 2 or 14 weeks. R and E maximal tests were evaluated before and after the training period. Forty-eight hours after the end of training program, cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum were extracted for the analysis of autophagy proteins (LC3B-I, LC3B-II, and p62). Additionally, hippocampal adult neurogenesis was determined by doublecortin-positive cells count (DCX+) in brain sections. Our results show that, in contrast to Wt, KO were unable to improve R after both trainings. Autophagy levels in brain areas may be modified by E training only in cerebral cortex of Wt trained for 14 weeks, and in KO trained for 2 weeks. DCX + in Wt increased in R and E after both periods of training, with R for 14 weeks more effective than E. Interestingly, no changes in DCX + were observed in KO after 2 weeks, being even undetectable after 14 weeks of intervention. Thus, autophagy is crucial for R performance and for exercise-induced adult neurogenesis. K E Y W O R D SAtg4b, autophagy impairment, brain, endurance training, physical activity | 239 CODINA-MARTÍNEZ ET Al.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, brain adaptive responses to exercise and the role of autophagy in this process have only been explored under endurance exercise, despite the relevance of resistance exercise for brain health and cognitive function …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy is required for performance adaptive response to resistance training and exercise‐induced adult neurogenesis

Codina-Martínez

Fernández‐García

Díez-Planelles

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…The pronounced release of specific neurochemicals triggers complex neurobiological processes evoking functional and/or structural brain changes that facilitate, at best, improvements in cognitive functions [24,50,114,[118][119][120]. With regard to the molecular and cellular levels, a systematic review summarized the evidence of resistance exercise and resistance training-induced changes in the release of several myokines (e.g., BDNF) and highlighted their positive effects on cognitive functions [121]. However, with respect to functional and structural brain changes and socioemotional changes (see Level 2 and Level 3 in Fig.…”

Section: Resistance Exercises Resistance Training Brain and Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Structural brain changes in response to resistance training rely at least partly on the modulation of specific molecular and cellular pathways that are involved in neuroplasticity andconsequentlyin positive effects of cognitive performance [112,240]. In this context, the modulating role of resistance exercises and/or resistance training on the release of neurochemicals such as BDNF, IGF-1, and homocysteine is discussed in the literature [121,223,303,304]. In the following, we briefly outline how these neurochemicals may contribute to the observed functional and structural brain changes.…”

Section: Neurophysiological Adaptation Processes In Connection With Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements – a systematic review

Herold

Törpel

Schega

et al. 2019

Eur Rev Aging Phys Act

201

152

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Background: During the aging process, physical capabilities (e.g., muscular strength) and cognitive functions (e.g., memory) gradually decrease. Regarding cognitive functions, substantial functional (e.g., compensatory brain activity) and structural changes (e.g., shrinking of the hippocampus) in the brain cause this decline. Notably, growing evidence points towards a relationship between cognition and measures of muscular strength and muscle mass. Based on this emerging evidence, resistance exercises and/or resistance training, which contributes to the preservation and augmentation of muscular strength and muscle mass, may trigger beneficial neurobiological processes and could be crucial for healthy aging that includes preservation of the brain and cognition. Compared with the multitude of studies that have investigated the influence of endurance exercises and/or endurance training on cognitive performance and brain structure, considerably less work has focused on the effects of resistance exercises and/or resistance training. While the available evidence regarding resistance exercise-induced changes in cognitive functions is pooled, the underlying neurobiological processes, such as functional and structural brain changes, have yet to be summarized. Hence, the purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of resistance exercise-induced functional and/or structural brain changes that are related to cognitive functions. Methods and results: A systematic literature search was conducted by two independent researchers across six electronic databases; 5957 records were returned, of which 18 were considered relevant and were analyzed. Short conclusion: Based on our analyses, resistance exercises and resistance training evoked substantial functional brain changes, especially in the frontal lobe, which were accompanied by improvements in executive functions. Furthermore, resistance training led to lower white matter atrophy and smaller white matter lesion volumes. However, based on the relatively small number of studies available, the findings should be interpreted cautiously. Hence, future studies are required to investigate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and to verify whether the positive findings can be confirmed and transferred to other needy cohorts, such as older adults with dementia, sarcopenia and/or dynapenia.

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“…Resistance exercise becomes an excellent tool for them. Both aerobic and resistance exercises can affect the metabolisms of the body and induce trophic factors like myokines, released from muscles and liver [10,11]. Since body metabolism is important, diet control is also important to reduce any risk factors leading to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or hypercholesterolemia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introductory Chapter: Concept of Neuroprotection - A New Perspective

Chang¹,

Ho²

2019

Neuroprotection

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Resistance Exercise-Induced Responses in Physiological Factors Linked with Cognitive Health

Cited by 30 publications

References 235 publications

Autophagy is required for performance adaptive response to resistance training and exercise‐induced adult neurogenesis

Autophagy is required for performance adaptive response to resistance training and exercise‐induced adult neurogenesis

Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements – a systematic review

Introductory Chapter: Concept of Neuroprotection - A New Perspective

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