Resistance mechanisms to abamectin in Iranian populations of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

A G326E substitution in the glutamate‐gated chloride channel 3 (GluCl3) of the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae abolishes the agonistic activity of macrocyclic lactones

“…Abamectin and milbemectin are widely used to control phytophagous mite species belonging to the genus Tetranychus and Panonychus , and consequently field resistance has been reported . Spider mites such as Tetranychus urticae are extremely polyphagous and develop resistance very quickly .…”

“…1 -3,7,8 Abamectin and milbemectin are widely used to control phytophagous mite species belonging to the genus Tetranychus and Panonychus, and consequently field resistance has been reported. 9 -13 Spider mites such as Tetranychus urticae are extremely polyphagous and develop resistance very quickly. 14,15 This is due to their rapid life cycle and arrhenotokous reproduction, but recent data also suggests that the evolution towards polyphagy might have shaped their detoxification toolkit, with documented expansion of detoxification enzymes and transporters.…”

Biochemical Characterization of Detoxifying Enzymes in Dimethoate-Resistant Strains of Melon Aphid, <i>Aphis gossypii</i>(Hemiptera: Aphididae)

“…Similarly, a malathion A. gossypii resistant strain had 3.7-, 3.0-, 2.9-and 2.0-fold elevated CarE activity for α-NA, β-NA, α-NB and α-NPr substrates respectively [4]. Elevated amounts of CarE and GSTs were related to insecticide resistance in Tetranychus urticae [55] [56]. So far GSTs were not implicated in conferring resistance to OPs in aphids especially A. gossypii and thus this study is the first to provide an evidence for active participation of GSTs in dimethoate detoxification.…”

Estudio preliminar del efecto acaricida de seis extractos metanólicos sobre la arañita bimaculada, Tetranychus urticae Koch

“…Sin embargo, el mayor problema que se enfrenta con el control químico es su rápida habilidad para desarrollar resistencia, debido a alta fecundidad, endogamia, reproducción partenogenética (pseudoarrenotoquia) y un ciclo de vida muy corto que produce muchas generaciones por año (Van Leeuwen et al, 2010). De hecho, el desarrollo de resistencia a acaricidas por parte de T. urticae está ampliamente demostrado a nivel mundial, donde los casos reportados superan los 200, incluyendo fenazaquin (Moghadam et al, 2011); clorpirifós (Zamani et al, 2014); abamectina (Memarizadeh et al, 2013); incluyendo acaricidas de última generación como spirodiclofen que pertenece a la nueva familia de ácidos tetrónicos spirocíclicos (ketoenoles) (Demaeght et al, 2013).…”