Resistance of Bacillus larvae in beeswax

Machová, M.

doi:10.1051/apido:19930103

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Given the complex and important role of beeswax in the honey bee colony, it is of crucial importance that the comb foundation on which the honey bees are building their comb is genuine and uncontaminated. Nevertheless, the major beeswax quality issues nowadays include contamination of beeswax with adulterants (natural and/or synthetic substances that are deliberately added to beeswax for economic gain, such as paraffin wax as the most commonly used adulterant), and pesticide residues, as reported in numerous studies (e.g., Bernal, Jim enez, del Nozal, Toribio, & Mart ın, 2005;Bogdanov, 2006;Bogdanov et al, 2004;Chauzat & Faucon, 2007;Maia, Barros, & Nunes, 2013;Ravoet, Reybroeck, & de Graaf, 2015;Serra Bonveh ı & Orantes Bermejo, 2010, 2012Sve cnjak, Prdun, Bubalo, Mato sevi c, & Car, 2016;Sve cnjak, Prdun, Baranovi c, Dami c, & Rogina, 2018;Wallner, 1992Wallner, , 1997Wallner, , 2000Wa s, Szcze R sna, & Rybak-Chmielewska, 2016). In apiculture, these agents are primarily being transmitted through the comb foundation trade, as there are no regulations controlling their quality or authenticity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standard methods forApis melliferabeeswax research

Svečnjak

Chesson

Gallina

et al. 2019

Journal of Apicultural Research

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Due to its multifunctional and complex role in the honey bee colony functioning and health (construction material allowing food storage, brood rearing, thermoregulation, mediation in chemical and mechanical communication, substrate for pathogens, toxins and waste), Apis mellifera beeswax has been widely studied over the last five decades. This is supported by a comprehensive set of scientific reports covering different aspects of beeswax research. In this article, we present an overview of the methods for studying chemical, biological, constructional, and quality aspects of beeswax. We provide a detailed description of the methods for investigating wax scales, comb construction and growth pattern, cell properties, chemical composition of beeswax using different analytical tools, as well as the analytical procedures for provenancing beeswax and beeswax-derived compounds based on the hydrogen isotope ratio (IRMS). Along with classical physico-chemical and sensory analysis, we describe more precise and accurate methods for detection of adulterants in beeswax (GC-MS and FTIR-ATR). Moreover, we present methods for studying the influence of beeswax (comb foundation) adulteration on comb construction. Analytical protocols for determining the pesticide residues using different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques are also described. As beeswax is an agent of high risk for the transmission of bee diseases, we present methods for detection of pathogens in beeswax. To ensure the reproducibility of experiments and results, we present best practice approaches and detailed protocols for all methods described, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standard methods forApis melliferabeeswax research

Svečnjak

Chesson

Gallina

et al. 2019

Journal of Apicultural Research

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“…2010). The spores of P. larvae have been recovered from beeswax 11 and detected in commercial pollen 12 . However, the list of reviewed techniques did not include high-throughput sequencing (HTS), which has become important for the study of honeybee and bumblebee microbiomes 13 – 16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Honeybee (Apis mellifera)-associated bacterial community affected by American foulbrood: detection of Paenibacillus larvae via microbiome analysis

Erban

Ledvinka

Kamler

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) workers act as passive vectors of Paenibacillus larvae spores, which cause the quarantine disease American foulbrood (AFB). We assessed the relative proportions of P. larvae within the honeybee microbiome using metabarcoding analysis of the 16 S rRNA gene. The microbiome was analyzed in workers outside of the AFB zone (control - AFB0), in workers from asymptomatic colonies in an AFB apiary (AFB1), and in workers from colonies exhibiting clinical AFB symptoms (AFB2). The microbiome was processed for the entire community and for a cut-off microbiome comprising pathogenic/environmental bacteria following the removal of core bacterial sequences; varroosis levels were considered in the statistical analysis. No correlation was observed between AFB status and varroosis level, but AFB influenced the worker bee bacterial community, primarily the pathogenic/environmental bacteria. There was no significant difference in the relative abundance of P. larvae between the AFB1 and AFB0 colonies, but we did observe a 9-fold increase in P. larvae abundance in AFB2 relative to the abundance in AFB1. The relative sequence numbers of Citrobacter freundii and Hafnia alvei were higher in AFB2 and AFB1 than in AFB0, whereas Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Spiroplasma melliferum and Morganella morganii were more abundant in AFB0 and AFB1 than in AFB2.

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“…Frequent comb replacement should be encouraged in apicultural management to control bee diseases by the simple removal of contaminated combs and by promoting the building of new ones by the bees. Wax can contain spores of P. larvae (Machova, 1993), but the risk of infecting a colony through the introduction of contaminated foundation seems minimal due to the secretion of new wax during comb building by the bees. The secretions of the wax glands can be considered spore-free and therefore, newly built combs must have a very low contamination level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%