Resistance of
            <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>
            to Metronidazole: Report of the First Three Cases from Finland and Optimization of In Vitro Susceptibility Testing under Various Oxygen Concentrations

Meri, Taru; Jokiranta, T. Sakari; Suhonen, L.; Meri, Seppo

doi:10.1128/jcm.38.2.763-767.2000

Cited by 66 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In the present study, none of the clinical isolates exhibited resistance to MTZ under aerobic or anaerobic conditions with MIC <25.0 µg/ml and <6.3 µg/ml, respectively. These results conform with most reports from Egypt and other countries, where majority of clinical isolates were susceptible to MTZ with few resistant strains from USA, Europe and Africa [25,43,47,48] . It is worth mentioning that, in the present study, isolate 3 which exhibited the highest MIC of 25.0 µg/ml and 6.3 µg/ml under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively, had the lowest significant growth peak of 40.5±21 after 96 h. Another study proposed different threshold concentrations of the 5-nitroimidazole drugs [47] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These results conform with most reports from Egypt and other countries, where majority of clinical isolates were susceptible to MTZ with few resistant strains from USA, Europe and Africa [25,43,47,48] . It is worth mentioning that, in the present study, isolate 3 which exhibited the highest MIC of 25.0 µg/ml and 6.3 µg/ml under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively, had the lowest significant growth peak of 40.5±21 after 96 h. Another study proposed different threshold concentrations of the 5-nitroimidazole drugs [47] . In this aspect isolate number 3 would be considered resistant under anaerobic conditions according to Matini et al [43] who proposed a threshold concentration of 3.2 µg/ml under anaerobic conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…On the other hand, Meri et al [47] proposed a threshold concentration of 15µg/ml under anerobic conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genotyping of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates from Egypt

Mohamed

Elleboudy

Hussein

et al. 2019

Parasitologists United Journal

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Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. It has been estimated that 276 million new infections occurred in 2008 with 11.5% increase over the 2005 incidence rate [1]. Worldwide, the estimated prevalence rates vary with geographic location, age, race, community and the method used for diagnosis. In 2016, the WHO global estimate for trichomoniasis in women was estimated at 5.3% and 0.6% in men with a total incidence of 156 million cases [2]. In Egypt, a prevalence rate of 8.0% was recently documented among symptomatic women in Beni Suef Governorate [3] ; in addition to 11% in Benha, Qalyubia Governorate [4] , and 5% in Cairo [5]. Another older study recorded prevalence rate of 27-57% using different techniques for diagnosing trichomoniasis in Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate [6]. While infections are mostly asymptomatic in men, women usually present with vaginal discharge, pruritus and dysuria [7,8]. Trichomoniasis is considered an important risk factor for herpes simplex virus type II infections and HIV transmission and acquisition [9,10]. Data from studies in Africa recorded an increase in HIV transmission associated with trichomoniasis [11-13]. In an American study, the investigators detected T. vaginalis in 20% of HIV-infected pregnant women using PCR assay [14]. Moreover, it may be associated with cervical cytological abnormalities and cervical cancer [15-18]. Such a difference in clinical traits as virulence, pathogenicity and drug resistance, signifies the need to link phenotypic variation to genotype [19]. In Egypt, former attempts to investigate the diversity of T. vaginalis included isoenzyme patterns [20] , serotyping [21] , immunoblotting [22,23] , biological variability [24,25] and HSP70-RFLP [26]. These studies concluded that the different clinical isolates have different and common patterns at the levels of antigens, immunogens, pathogenicity and MTZ resistance. Molecular typing methods revealed a two-type population structure for T. vaginalis, type I and type II [27-31]. Genotype I infections were found to have lower probability of associated discolored discharge, especially bloody discharge, bleeding during physical examination, or presence of greater than 20% clue cells. Infections with genotype II were significantly associated with these pathological findings. The increase in clue cells seen with genotype II are indicative of bacterial vaginosis, providing a change in the vaginal microenvironment that is favorable for infection with other microbial pathogens. Genetic diversity for T.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Genotyping of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates from Egypt

Mohamed

Elleboudy

Hussein

et al. 2019

Parasitologists United Journal

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“…Parasites were challenged with graded concentrations of S. aromaticum essential oil (300, 200, 100, 50, 25 μg/ml), and MTZ (500 µg/ml and 1 mg/ml). The tested cultures were examined at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The minimal lethal concentrations (MLCs) was considered as the lowest drug concentration needed to reach the maximum reduction of growth and multiplication of the parasite in vitro up to no growth [25] . MLCs of S. aromaticum essential oil (300, 200, 100, 50, 25 μg/ ml) and MTZ were determined by parasite counting.…”

Section: Determination Of Mlcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potent lethal effect of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on Blastocystis spp.: An in vitro study

Eldin

Hayam²

2019

Parasitologists United Journal

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Blastocystis spp. are protozoan inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, with an incidence usually reaching 5% in developed countries, exceeding 40% in individuals with chronic gastrointestinal illness, and can reach up 76% in developing countries [1,2]. Infection with Blastocystis spp. can be detected in stool samples of asymptomatic individuals or patients complaining of diarrhea [3]. However, as the data depend on methods used for diagnosis, blastocystosis is likely underestimated [4]. Currently, Blastocystis spp. are included in WHO water sanitation programs [5]. It has been linked to the increased risk of allergic skin manifestations [6] , and inflammatory bowel disease [1] ; recently, a relation between blastocystosis and development of irritable bowel syndrome was reported [7]. Colorectal carcinoma was also linked to blastocystosis [8] , as solubilized antigen of Blastocystis spp. was reported to promote the growth of human colorectal cancer cells [9]. Thus, therapy of blastocystosis is required to avoid or reduce the development of its possible complications. Lately, contradictory findings about the response of blastocystosis to MTZ treatment emerged, with efficacy rates ranging from 0% to 100% [10-12]. In this context, there is a need for new therapeutic agents against blastocystosis with high effectiveness and low toxicity. In recent times, the study of plants used by traditional medicine is a mean of alternative treatment, and several anti-parasitic properties of natural products have been identified [13]. Of those natural products is Syzygium aromaticum eugenol rich essential oil. Commonly known as clove, it is native to tropical America and Australia [14]. The oil extract has been widely investigated due to its availability and high essential-oil contents, and has long been considered to have medicinal properties [15] , including anti-bacterial [16] , anti-trypanosomal [17] , and antimalarial actions [18]. Islamuddin et al., [19] reported that S. aromaticum essential oil induced apoptosis in L. donovani promastigotes. Additionally, it was found to have anti-Giardia activity [20]. S. aromaticum essential oil medicinal actions were attributed to the major component 'eugenol', that constitutes 89% of the oil [21] .

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“…T. vaginalis is an established cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and currently affects at least170 million people worldwide; more than gonorrhea, syphilis and Chlamydia combined [2]- [4]. The organism has been reported to cause pneumonia, bronchitis and oral lesions [5], [6], while a greenish-yellow frothy vaginal secretion and itching are its commonest presentations [7]- [9]. Infertility, premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor, and abortions has all been associated with the organism [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Trichomoniasis among Primary School Pupils in Gwagwalada, FCT, Nigeria

Olanrewaju¹

2016

JOLST

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Trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis has emerged as one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. The prevalence of T. vaginalis among primary school age pupils in Gwagwalada, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria was carried out. Wet mounts of stool samples and urine sediments observed under x10 and x40 microscope objective lenses were used to detect motile parasites. Out of 402 samples collected, a total of 15 (3.73%) were found to be infected with T. vaginalis. The age group 16-20 had the highest prevalence of 25.00% while age group <5 years had no infection and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.0360). Female pupils were more infected (5.37%) than the males (1.25%). The higher recovery rate observed from urine sample (4.48%) confirms its preference over stool sample (2.99%) in the detection/ diagnosis of trichomonas infection. These results may be useful for health authorities, especially primary health care for a better health education and protection against STDs. 

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Resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis to Metronidazole: Report of the First Three Cases from Finland and Optimization of In Vitro Susceptibility Testing under Various Oxygen Concentrations

Cited by 66 publications

References 38 publications

Genotyping of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates from Egypt

Genotyping of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates from Egypt

Potent lethal effect of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on Blastocystis spp.: An in vitro study

Incidence of Trichomoniasis among Primary School Pupils in Gwagwalada, FCT, Nigeria

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