Resistance of rice genotypes to fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

Excessive use of chemical insecticides has selected resistant S. frugiperda that have become a significant challenge to integrated pest management -IPM (Bernardi et al., 2016;Viteri et al., 2018). In addition, pesticides add toxic residues to food crops, eliminate natural enemies, may bring about pest resurgence, present risks to the applicator,