Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents among Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Layer Farms and Eggs in the Caribbean Region

Abstract

This investigation determined the frequency of resistance of 84 isolates of Salmonella comprising 14 serotypes recovered from layer farms in three Caribbean countries (Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, and St. Lucia) to eight antimicrobial agents, using the disc diffusion method. Resistance among isolates of Salmonella was related to the country of recovery, type of sample, size of layer farms, and isolate serotype. Overall, all (100.0%) of the isolates exhibited resistance to one or more of seven antimicrobial agents tested, and all were susceptible to chloramphenicol. The resistance detected ranged from 11.9% to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) to 100.0% to erythromycin. The difference was, however, not statistically significant (P = 0.23). Across countries, for types of samples that yielded Salmonella, significant differences in frequency of resistance were detected only to SXT (P = 0.002) in Trinidad and Tobago and to gentamycin (P = 0.027) in St. Lucia. For the three countries, the frequency of resistance to antimicrobial agents was significantly different for ampicillin (P = 0.001) and SXT (P = 0.032). A total of 83 (98.8%) of the 84 isolates exhibited 39 multidrug resistance patterns. Farm size significantly (P = 0.032) affected the frequency of resistance to kanamycin across the countries. Overall, among the 14 serotypes of Salmonella tested, significant (P < 0.05) differences in frequency of resistance were detected to kanamycin, ampicillin, and SXT. Results suggest that the relatively high frequency of resistance to six of the antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline) tested and the multidrug resistance detected may pose prophylactic and therapeutic concerns for chicken layer farms in the three countries studied.

Salmonella enterica isolated from selected poultry farms in Kwara State, Nigeria between 2015 and 2016 showed resistance to critical antimicrobials

“…This occurrence of a high frequency of multidrug resistance reported in this study, in addition to the occurence of a total of 18 multi-resistance patterns, demonstrate a potential for the likelihood of chemotherapeutic failure that may be connected with the use of these antimicrobials in the area. These findings corroborate the report on Salmonella isolates from poultry by other researchers (Ahmed et al, 2017, Adesiyun et al, 2014a, Oluwasile et al, 2014, Elmadiena et al, 2013, Mir et al, 2010.…”

“…(2014a) which reported a prevalence of (59.5%) among Salmonella isolates from poultry farms in three Caribbean countries, however, it is much higher when compared to other results from poultry studies which ranges from 0.0 to 17% (Oluwasile et al, 2014, Snow et al, 2007. The frequency of resistance to streptomycin detected in the current study (60.3%) corroborates with 21.9 to 92.9% previously reported for poultry farms (Adesiyun et al, 2014a, Enabulele et al, 2010. The fact that frequency of resistance was statistically significant to streptomycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and compound sulfurnamide in Ilorin south, Ilorin west, Irepodun and Asa Local Government areas respectively suggest possible misuse of the antimicrobials in the areas and therefore, there is need for concern authorities to promulgate policy that will regulate the use of antimicrobials in the areas and the country at large.…”

“…been successfully practiced on poultry farms in several countries (Mughini-Gras et al, 2014, Adesiyun et al, 2014a but the presence of numerous pathogenic nonhost-adapted Salmonella serovars makes it difficult to have a successful vaccination especially in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive. The control of salmonellosis in developing countries therefore majorly relies on good sanitary practices and the prophylactic and therapeutic use of antimicrobial drugs in feeds and water because vaccines prepared from local isolates are not commercially available in the market for effective preventive measure (Akter et al, 2007, Adesiyun et al, 2014a. Poultry production in Nigeria relied majorly on antimicrobial therapy for disease control and most poultry farms have been reported to be multi-drug users while all farms used one or more antibiotics for treatment, prophylaxis or for growth promotion (Oluwasile et al, 2014).…”

Salmonella and Eggs: From Production to Plate

“…A more recent study investigated the presence of antibiotic resistant genotypes of Salmonella isolated from broiler hens found that more than 43% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, cefoxitim, and ceftriaxone [ 37 ]. This was supported by Adesiyun et al [ 38 ] who isolated 84 isolates of Salmonella from egg productions processes in Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, and St. Lucia and found that all of the 84 isolates displayed resistance to one or more of the seven antimicrobial agents tested. A high frequency of resistance was observed against erythromycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline.…”

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile andmcr-1Gene Detection inSalmonellaIsolates from Poultry in Bangladesh: Molecular and Bioinformatics Characterization

“…It is very significant by virtue of the fact that, it can be transmitted vertically from parent to offspring; this makes its control a challenge. Although vaccination and good hygiene practices are most effective ways to prevent salmonellosis (11), antibiotics are extensively using either as a growth promoter or prophylaxis and therapeutics in poultry industry of Bangladesh (12, 13). Indeed, the widespread misapplication and nonjudicious use of antimicrobial drugs in poultry settings, culminating the development of antimicrobial resistant pathogens like Salmonella (Gyles, 2008, Cantas et al, 2013; Antunes et al, 2016).…”