Resistance to chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin along with detoxifying enzyme activities in field-collected female populations of European red mite

Abstract

The levels of susceptibility of populations of the European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) collected from apple orchards in the Bursa region of Turkey to the insecticides chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin, were determined by a petri leaf disk-Potter spray tower method. When compared with the susceptible population, resistance ratios at the LC 50 level ranged from 6.0-to 35.6-fold, and from 0.7-to 5.7-fold for chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. Kinetic parameters of general esterase activity with α-naphthyl acetate as substrate indicated that an increased activity was present in the resistant populations compared with the susceptible populations. In these strains, 1.5-and 2.2-fold higher Glutathione Stransferase (GST) activity was also detected with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. General esterase activity gel profiles of these populations were studied by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but no relationship between resistance ratios and band patterns was detected. The results of this study document a decreased efficacy of chlorpyrifos and lambdacyhalothrin in field populations of P. ulmi in Turkey, possibly linked to altered activities of esterases and GST.

Olfactory response of the ladybird beetle Stethorus gilvifrons to two preys and herbivore-induced plant volatiles

“…A major problem in the control of the mites is their ability to develop resistance to pesticides (Nauen et al 2001). Their high reproductive potential and numerous annual generations, combined with continued and repeated use of a variety of broad spectrum insecticides in commercial fields, has disrupted the control of spider mite populations by natural enemies and led to resurgences in mite outbreaks and development of pesticide resistance (Auger et al 2003;Kim et al 2004;Kumral et al 2008;Nauen et al 2001). Thus, alternatives to the use of insecticides are needed, and biological control provides one of the best options.…”

Integrated Fruit Production and Pest Management in Europe: The Apple Case Study and How Far We Are From the Original Concept?

“…Nowadays, many of these compounds have been banned by EU normative, and other active ingredients are increasingly being used to control ERM populations. Resistance to chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin has been reported in Turkey [ 161 ] and to spirodiclofen in south-western German populations [ 162 ] and in one spot in Belgium; they have also found resistance to clofentezine in Poland populations.…”

Acaricides - Biological Profiles, Effects and Uses in Modern Crop Protection

“…For both species, the majority of reports refer to resistance to organophosphates documented during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Together with carbamates, organophosphate compounds account nowadays for more than 35% of global insecticide market, so that the reports on resistant tetranychid populations/strains are still coming (Herron et al, 1998;Tsakaragkou et al, 2002;Kumral et al, 2009). The important part of the APRD database concerns pyrethroids resistance in tetranychids.…”

“…The important part of the APRD database concerns pyrethroids resistance in tetranychids. Today, this class of compounds accounts for 20% of the market, but the increasing number of cases of resistance to bifenthrin and other pyrethroids has been registered in the recent past (Herron et al, 2001;Ay and Gűrkan, 2005;Kumral et al, 2009;Tsakaragkou et al, 2009). As for other specific acaricides and insecto-acaricides, there is practically no active substance without documented cases of resistance, but there is an obvious difference in the scope of phenomenon between certain acaricides or groups of acaricides.…”