Resistance to insect growth regulators and age-stage, two-sex life table in Musca domestica from different dairy facilities

Abstract

Among the vectorial insect pests, the domestic house fly (Musca domestica L., Diptera: Muscidae) is a ubiquitous livestock pest with the ability to develop resistance and adapt to diverse climates. Successful management of the house fly in various locations requires information about its resistance development and life table features. The status of insect growth regulators resistance and life table features on the basis of age, stage, and two sexes of the house fly from five different geographical locations of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dirab, Al-Masanie, Al-Washlah, Al-Uraija and Al-Muzahmiya were therefore investigated. The range of resistance levels were 3.77–8.03-fold for methoxyfenozide, 5.50–29.75 for pyriproxyfen, 0.59–2.91-fold for cyromazine, 9.33–28.67-fold for diflubenzuron, and 1.63–8.25-fold for triflumuron in five populations of house fly compared with the susceptible strain. Analysis of life history parameters—such as survival rate, larval duration, pupal duration, pre-female duration, pre-male duration, adult and total pre-oviposition periods, longevity of male, oviposition period, female ratio, and fecundity female-1—revealed significant variations among the field populations. Additionally, demographic features—including the generation time, the finite and intrinsic rates of increase, doubling time, and net reproductive rate—varied significantly among the field populations. These results will be helpful in planning the management of the house fly in geographically isolated dairies in Saudi Arabia.

First comprehensive report of the resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) to commonly used insecticides in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

“…Globally, insect vector management relies mainly on insecticides, which has necessitated periodic and comprehensive monitoring of resistance to commonly used insecticides in insect vectors, including Cx. quinquefasciatus [ 31 – 32 ]. OPs and pyrethroids, which inhibit acetylcholinesterase and modulate sodium channels, respectively [ 33 ], are the most commonly used insecticides for controlling insect vectors, especially mosquitoes, in countries including Saudi Arabia [ 31 , [34] , [35] , [36] ].…”

First Evaluation of Field Evolved Resistance to Commonly Used Insecticides in House Fly Populations from Saudi Arabian Dairy Farms

“…Synthetic chemicals have been recommended for the management various pests, including house flies, in Saudi Arabia [26]. Genetically based decline in susceptibility to an insecticide in a field population is known as field evolved resistance [27].…”

“…The limited use of insecticides to which resistance has developed, the use of mixtures of insecticides with unrelated mechanisms of action, and appropriate cultural practices may help in managing house fly insecticide resistance. Insect growth regulators, biopesticides, as well as appropriate cultural practices, should be included in integrated vector management programs designed to control house fly populations, to reduce the selection pressure on the commonly used insecticides [26,[38][39][40]. The findings of this study can serve as a reference in future monitoring efforts of house fly insecticide susceptibility.…”

Risk assessment of resistance to diflubenzuron in Musca domestica: Realized heritability and cross-resistance to fourteen insecticides from different classes

“…IGRs disrupt metamorphosis so that the insects do not develop into adults or developed adults have a significantly reduced reproductive rate [6,7]. These insecticides, considered environmentally friendly, are potent larvicides for controlling insect vectors, including M. domestica, worldwide [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Diflubenzuron, an IGR, is a chitin synthesis inhibitor that disrupts cuticle formation and is one of the most effective larvicides for controlling different insect pests, including M. domestica [12,[14][15][16].…”