RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES IN POPULATIONS OF FRANKUNIELLA OCCIDENTALIS (PERGANDE) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) FROM GREENHOUSES IN THE NIAGARA REGION OF ONTARIO

Abstract

Resistance was documented in 1995 to commonly used organophosphorus, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in populations of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), from six commercial greenhouses in Ontario. Adult female thrips were placed in glass vials treated with technical-grade insecticides and mortality at 18 h was compared with a single discriminating concentration, the computed LC99 of a reference laboratory population. Baseline dose–response regressions for insecticides commonly used in Ontario greenhouses were obtained for the laboratory population of western flower thrips. The organophosphorus compounds chlorpyrifos and malathion and the carbamates methomyl and bendiocarb were the most toxic materials tested; whereas the pyrethroid deltamethrin and a phosphoroamidate acephate were the least toxic. The addition of piperonyl butoxide to solutions of deltamethrin was highly synergistic. The mixture of deltamethrin and endosulfan (1:1) was moderately synergistic. Populations of western flower thrips from commercial greenhouses were resistant to deltamethrin, but deltamethrin mixed with piperonyl butoxide or endosulfan was synergistic in all cases. None of the populations were resistant to all of the insecticides tested. Recommendations are presented for the development of a resistance-management strategy for western flower thrips.

Influences of Botanical Pesticides and Biological Agents on Orius Laevigatus - Frankliniella Occidentalis Dynamics Under Greenhouse Conditions

“…But, chemical control is not always effective due to resistance in WFT to insecticides used in greenhouse crops (Brødsgaard 1994;Zhao et al 1995;Broadbent and Pree 1997). The cryptic behavior of WFT in flower buds also makes it less easy for insecticides to regulate the WFT population.…”

Management Strategies for Western Flower Thrips and the Role of Insecticides

“…Management became so difficult, with a lack of alternative insecticides that growers returned to using legacy non-synthetic insecticides, such as nicotine sulfate. Despite these early reports regarding difficulties with pyrethroids, they have continued to be used against western flower thrips extensively, with the same outcome of resistance development (Broadbent & Pree, 1997;Espinosa et al, 2002b;Frantz & Mellinger, 2009;Immaraju et al, 1992;Seaton et al, 1997;Thalavaisundaram et al, 2008;Zhao et al, 1995). In these cases, the development of resistance to pyrethroids has tended to occur rapidly.…”

“…Likewise, pyrethroids are no longer recommended for use in Turkish greenhouses because of the rapid development of resistance and cross resistance to other chemicals (Dağlı & Tunç, 2008). Resistance to pyrethroids is primarily derived from metabolic detoxification pathways (Broadbent & Pree, 1997;Espinosa et al, 2005;Maymó et al, 2006;Zhao et al, 1995). A broad range of enzymatic detoxification pathways to detoxify pyrethroids have been identified, including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases and esterases.…”

“…The basic concept is to rotate among insecticides with different modes of action at appropriate intervals to delay or inhibit the evolution of resistance within a pest population. Most current insecticide resistance management plans recommend rotation of chemical classes after every generation of thrips (Broadbent & Pree, 1997;Herron & Cook, 2002;Robb et al, 1995). In Australia, the initial recommendations for insecticide resistance management were for growers to alternate among insecticides from different chemical classes with each application, a practice recommended in other regions (Funderburk, 2009).…”

Insecticide bioassays for western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidental is) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

“…Overseas, both pests are known to be resistant to many insecticides (e.g., Broadbent & Pree 1997;Kontsedalov et al 1998;Rufingier et al 1999;Jensen 2000;Herron & Gullick 2001;Gorman et al 2002). In New Zealand, western flower thrips from greenhouses are resistant to several insecticides compared with the outdoor lupin strain (Martin & Workman 1994), whereas resistance to buprofezin has been demonstrated in greenhouse whitefly (Martin & Workman 1995).…”