Resistance to Interference: Developmental Changes in a Basic Processing Mechanism

Dempster, Frank N.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9220-0_1

Cited by 174 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The effects of nonspeech sounds are solely attributed to the attentional burden caused by the necessity to ignore the irrelevant sounds (Neath, 2000, p. 420). Since children are less able to focus attention on taskrelevant information and less able to resist interference from irrelevant stimuli (Dempster, 1993;Gumenyuk, Korzyukov, Alho, Escera, & Naatanen, 2004), a stronger effect of changing state sounds in children is expected from the feature model. Consequently, the increase in susceptibility to soundinduced impairments with decreasing age observed in Elliott's study is in line with the feature model, as it includes a specified role of attention.…”

Section: The Feature Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The irrelevant sound effect in short-term memory: Is there developmental change?

Klatte

Lachmann

Schlittmeier

et al. 2010

European Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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With two experiments, effects of irrelevant speech and classroom noise on serial recall of common nouns presented pictorially were investigated in children and adults. Experiment 1 used fixed list lengths for children (first graders) and adults. Experiment 2 used list lengths adjusted to participants' (secondÁthird graders, adults) individual spans. In both experiments, children and adults were equally impaired by irrelevant speech. This contrasts with a related study (differences in methodology) by Elliott (2002), who reported severe increase in the detrimental impact of irrelevant speech with decreasing age. In both experiments, classroom noise had no effect in overall analyses. For Experiment 1, however, separate group analyses revealed impairment in children. Results suggest that effects of irrelevant sounds on serial recall stem from two separate mechanisms: Specific interference due to the sounds' automatic access to short-term memory, and/or attention capture. Only for the latter there is developmental change.

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Section: The Feature Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The irrelevant sound effect in short-term memory: Is there developmental change?

Klatte

Lachmann

Schlittmeier

et al. 2010

European Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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“…In other words, immature cognition is characterized by greater susceptibility to interference from competing actions (Diamond, 1990;Brainerd and Reyna, 1993;Dempster, 1993;Casey et al, 2001Casey et al, , 2002Munakata and Yerys, 2001), as evidenced in children when performing Stroopinterference tasks (Tipper et al, 1989), card sorting (Zelazo et al, 1996;Munakata and Yerys 2001), and go-no-go tasks (Luria, 1961; Casey et al, 1997a,b;Vaidya et al, 1998). In all cases, children have more difficulty making the correct response when there is interference from competing response alternatives.…”

Section: Abstract: Development; Basal Ganglia; Hippocampus; Imaging;mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociating Striatal and Hippocampal Function Developmentally with a Stimulus–Response Compatibility Task

et al. 2002

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The current study examined the development of cognitive and neural systems involved in overriding a learned action in favor of a new one using a stimulus-response compatibility task and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eight right-handed adults (mean age, 22-30 years), and eight children (7-11 years) were scanned while they performed a task. Both children and adults were less accurate for incompatible stimulus-response mappings than compatible ones; the children's performance was significantly worse. The comparison of the incompatible and compatible conditions showed large volumes of activity in the ventral prefrontal cortex, ventral caudate nucleus, thalamus, and hippocampus. Striatal activity correlated with the percentage of errors in overriding the old stimulus-response association. The hippocampal activity correlated with the reaction time to make a response to a new stimulus-response mapping that required the reversal of a prior association between a stimulus and a response location. Developmental differences were observed in the volume of striatal/pallidal and hippocampal/parahippocampal activity in that these regions were larger and extended more ventrally in children relative to adults. These results suggest that with maturation and learning, projections to and from these regions may become more refined and focal. Moreover, these findings are consistent with the role of ventral frontostriatal circuitry in overriding habitual and well learned actions and hippocampal systems in learning and reversing associations between a given stimulus and spatial location. Key words: development; basal ganglia; hippocampus; imaging; learning; fMRI; childrenThe ability to override competing actions is a key component of cognitive functioning (Kahneman et al., 1983;Baddeley, 1986;Shallice, 1988;Cohen and Servan-Schreiber, 1992;Desimone and Duncan, 1995); it becomes more efficient with age (Harnishfeger and Bjorkland, 1993). In other words, immature cognition is characterized by greater susceptibility to interference from competing actions (Diamond, 1990;Brainerd and Reyna, 1993;Dempster, 1993;Casey et al., 2001Casey et al., , 2002Munakata and Yerys, 2001), as evidenced in children when performing Stroopinterference tasks (Tipper et al., 1989), card sorting (Zelazo et al., 1996;Munakata and Yerys 2001), and go-no-go tasks (Luria, 1961; Casey et al., 1997a,b;Vaidya et al., 1998). In all cases, children have more difficulty making the correct response when there is interference from competing response alternatives.Overriding well learned actions in favor of new ones and the development of neural subsystems underlying this ability is the focus of this paper. In essence, how does the less mature system recruit brain regions when making a new response to a given stimulus relative to making a well learned response to that same stimulus (i.e., stimulus-response incompatibility)? This ability involves both overriding an old association while simultaneously learning a new one. The ability to shift between behavioral sets has...

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“…Essential to the emergence of adult-level cognition is the ability to voluntarily suppress responses to taskirrelevant information that hamper adaptive information-processing (Dempster, 1993;Bjorklund et al, 1990). The antisaccade task is a paradigm that requires subjects to voluntarily stop a reflexive eye movement to a prepotent visual stimulus (a novel stimulus in the visual field), and instead move their gaze to the mirror location (Hallett, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maturation of Widely Distributed Brain Function Subserves Cognitive Development

et al. 2001

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Cognitive and brain maturational changes continue throughout late childhood and adolescence. During this time, increasing cognitive control over behavior enhances the voluntary suppression of reflexive/impulsive response tendencies. Recently, with the advent of functional MRI, it has become possible to characterize changes in brain activity during cognitive development. In order to investigate the cognitive and brain maturation subserving the ability to voluntarily suppress context-inappropriate behavior, we tested 8 -30 year olds in an oculomotor response-suppression task. Behavioral results indicated that adult-like ability to inhibit prepotent responses matured gradually through childhood and adolescence. Functional MRI results indicated that brain activation in frontal, parietal, striatal, and thalamic regions increased progressively from childhood to adulthood. Prefrontal cortex was more active in adolescents than in children or adults; adults demonstrated greater activation in the lateral cerebellum than younger subjects. These results suggest that efficient top-down modulation of reflexive acts may not be fully developed until adulthood and provide evidence that maturation of function across widely distributed brain regions lays the groundwork for enhanced voluntary control of behavior during cognitive development.

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Resistance to Interference: Developmental Changes in a Basic Processing Mechanism

Cited by 174 publications

References 58 publications

The irrelevant sound effect in short-term memory: Is there developmental change?

The irrelevant sound effect in short-term memory: Is there developmental change?

Dissociating Striatal and Hippocampal Function Developmentally with a Stimulus–Response Compatibility Task

Maturation of Widely Distributed Brain Function Subserves Cognitive Development

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