Resistance training among young athletes: safety, efficacy and injury prevention effects

Faigenbaum, Avery D.; Myer, Gregory D.

doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.068098

Cited by 289 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…25 No injuries occurred throughout the study period. Research increasingly indicates that strength training might be an optimal measure for children increasing musculoskeletal health and self-confidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Strength Training and Physical Activity in Boys: a Randomized Trial

et al. 2013

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Levels of daily physical activity in children are decreasing worldwide. This implies risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: Strength training makes children not only stronger but significantly increases their daily spontaneous physical activity outside the training intervention. abstract BACKGROUND: In developed societies levels of daily physical activity (PA) among school-age children are decreasing. This implies risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Specific strategies to improve levels of PA are needed. In prepubertal boys there is evidence that strength training increases spontaneous PA outside of training. METHODS:A total of 102 schoolchildren (age 10-14 years) in Switzerland were randomly assigned to physical education classes or to participate twice weekly at a guided strength training program for 19 weeks. Spontaneous PA energy expenditure (PAEE; 3axial accelerometry for 7 days), leg and arm strength, and body composition (dual energy radiograph absorptiometry) were measured at baseline, after 19 weeks of training intervention, and after 3 months of washout.RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups at baseline. In the intervention group, PAEE increased by 10% from baseline to end of training in boys (P = .02), but not in girls. Leg and arm strength were increased owing to training intervention in both boys and girls. All other variables were unchanged. Baseline PAEE was significantly negatively correlated with changes of PAEE. CONCLUSIONS:Targeted strength training significantly increases daily spontaneous PA behavior in boys. The less active children showed the greatest increase in spontaneous PAEE. Girls showed a similar increase in strength, but not in spontaneous PAEE. This may be explained by their earlier pubertal development. Strength training may be a promising strategy in schools to counteract decreasing levels of PA. Pediatrics 2013;132:1105-1111 AUTHORS: Udo Meinhardt, MD, Fabienne Witassek, MSc, Renato Petrò, BSs, Chris Fritz, BSs, and Urs Eiholzer, MD PEZZ Center for Pediatric Endocrinology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland KEY WORDS spontaneous physical activity, children, puberty, strength training ABBREVIATIONS BA-bone age FM-fat mass LBM-lean body mass PA-physical activity PAEE-physical activity energy expenditure PE-physical education PWS-Prader-Willi syndrome SDS-standard deviation score Dr Meinhardt conceptualized and designed the study, designed the data collection instruments, carried out the initial data analyses, and revised the manuscript; Ms Witassek conceptualized and designed the study, analyzed output data, and revised the manuscript; Mr Petrò conceptualized and designed the study, coordinated and supervised data collection, and revised the manuscript; Mrs Fritz conceptualized and designed the study, analyzed data, and revised the manuscript; Dr Eiholzer conceptualized and designed the study, analyzed and interpreted data, and revised the manuscript; and all authors approv...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Strength Training and Physical Activity in Boys: a Randomized Trial

et al. 2013

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“…Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standardized equation (mass/height [in kilograms per square meter]). 24 Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2). In this study, Age band 2 (7 to 10 years) was utilized for screening the participant.…”

Section: Variables and Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of strength training based on process approach intervention on balance of children with developmental coordination disorder

et al. 2016

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Introduction.Balance is one of the main problems of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). According to process-oriented approach, besides strength training, neuromuscular adaptations can improve balance. Objective. To evaluate the effects of strength training on improving static and dynamic balance in DCD children. Methods and population. Children between 7 to 9 years old in Tehran participated in the study through randomized controlled trial design. Subjects were randomly divided into two experimental (n = 15) and control (n= 15) groups. The participants exercised for 12 weeks and 24 sessions. The experimental group received strength training using flexible Theraband elastic exercise and control group received routine exercises in physical education class. Isometric strength of hip abductor muscles and plantar flexors were measured using hand held dynamometer, and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) was used for measurement of static and dynamic balance. Data were analyzed using independent and paired sample t-tests. Results. Strength training significantly increased muscle strength in DCD children (P <0.001) and improved their static balance performance (P <0.05); however, these exercises had no significant effect on their dynamic balance performance (P >0.05). Conclusion. The strength training leads to static balance improve in DCD children. There was not an improvement in dynamic balance through the strength training in these children.

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“…As the child approaches puberty, structured supervised resistance training can be safely introduced. [34][35][36] At this point and thereafter, the adolescent should have developed proper techniques to safely perform resistance training with minimal supervision. It may be logical to assume that the rate of progression of strength and power during development will increase after puberty as a consequence of circulating growth hormones and growth factors.…”

Section: Strength and Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Trainability of junior Rugby Union players

Hendricks¹

2016

S Afr J SM

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Growing interest in producing expert performance, and increasing sport participation, has led to a number of models being proposed for optimal sporting development. Using physical or psychological developmental milestones as guidelines, these models in sport were aimed primarily at identifying key stages during childhood and adolescence, and to optimise training adaptation for the child to reach his/her full sporting potential. Taking into consideration the long-term developmental models, and the requirements to succeed in rugby, this review aims to prescribe the trainability of junior rugby players using a scientifically evidence-based long-term player development approach. As there have been several recent and comprehensive reviews of the literature on trainability during childhood and adolescence, the aim of this paper is to resynthesise the material and apply it to rugby. Although athlete developmental models suggest that the appropriate application of training stimulus during specific periods in childhood and adolescence will influence athletic potential, recent available literature contends that this concept is inconclusive and requires further investigation. S Afr J SM INVITED REVIEWIn the past, coaches and sport practitioners applied adult-based forms of training to children. However, with the increase in knowledge and understanding of human development, applying adult-based training to youth was quickly questioned. This concern, together with the growing interest in producing expert performance and increasing sport participation, has led to a number of models being proposed for optimal sporting development. Using physical or psychological developmental milestones as guidelines, these models in sport were aimed primarily at identifying key stages during childhood and adolescence, and to optimise training adaptation for the child to reach his/her full sporting potential. In recent times, with the advancement of the understanding of human performance and training, these developmental stages for sport have received some review.

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Resistance training among young athletes: safety, efficacy and injury prevention effects

Cited by 289 publications

References 85 publications

Strength Training and Physical Activity in Boys: a Randomized Trial

Strength Training and Physical Activity in Boys: a Randomized Trial

The effect of strength training based on process approach intervention on balance of children with developmental coordination disorder

Trainability of junior Rugby Union players

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