Resistance Training Effects on Metabolic Function Among Youth: A Systematic Review

Bea, Jennifer W.; Blew, Robert M.; Howe, Carol; Hetherington‐Rauth, Megan; Going, Scott B.

doi:10.1123/pes.2016-0143

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…It is well-established that physical activity improves cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents [ 4 , 6 , 48 ]. In epidemiological studies, physical activity is often operationalized by MVPA which is frequently derived by counting time spent at or above 2000 to 3200 cpm in youth [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity intensity, bout-duration, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents

et al. 2018

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Objectives:To determine the role of physical activity intensity and bout-duration in modulating associations between physical activity and cardiometabolic risk markers.Methods:A cross-sectional study using the International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) including 38,306 observations (in 29,734 individuals aged 4–18 years). Accelerometry data was summarized as time accumulated in 16 combinations of intensity thresholds (≥500 to ≥3000 counts/min) and bout-durations (≥1 to ≥10 min). Outcomes were body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), waist circumference, biochemical markers, blood pressure, and a composite score of these metabolic markers. A second composite score excluded the adiposity component. Linear mixed models were applied to elucidate the associations and expressed per 10 min difference in daily activity above the intensity/bout-duration combination. Estimates (and variance) from each of the 16 combinations of intensity and bout-duration examined in the linear mixed models were analyzed in meta-regression to investigate trends in the association.Results:Each 10 min positive difference in physical activity was significantly and inversely associated with the risk factors irrespective of the combination of intensity and bout-duration. In meta-regression, each 1000 counts/min increase in intensity threshold was associated with a −0.027 (95% CI: −0.039 to −0.014) standard deviations lower composite risk score, and a −0.064 (95% CI: −0.09 to −0.038) kg/m2 lower BMI. Conversely, meta-regression suggested bout-duration was not significantly associated with effect-sizes (per 1 min increase in bout-duration: −0.002 (95% CI: −0.005 to 0.0005) standard deviations for the composite risk score, and −0.005 (95% CI: −0.012 to 0.002) kg/m2 for BMI).Conclusions:Time spent at higher intensity physical activity was the main determinant of variation in cardiometabolic risk factors, not bout-duration. Greater magnitude of associations was consistently observed with higher intensities. These results suggest that, in children and adolescents, physical activity, preferably at higher intensities, of any bout-duration should be promoted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity intensity, bout-duration, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents

et al. 2018

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“…A recent systematic review confirmed the associated health benefits of meeting the recommended MVPA guideline [5]. Furthermore, participating in the recommended 3 days of MBSE per week has also been associated with positive physical and mental health benefits in children and young people [6][7][8][9][10]. Despite this evidence, less than 50% of young people in Europe meet the recommended amount of MVPA suggested by the World Health Organisation (WHO), with this figure declining with age [11].…”

Section: Protocol and Registrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of School-Based Interventions for Improving Muscular Fitness Outcomes in Adolescent Boys: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2019

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Background It has been reported that boys' and girls' physical activity (PA) levels decline throughout adolescence. Boys are at risk of physical inactivity during adolescence; however, in intervention research, they are an under-represented group relative to girls. It is suggested that the school environment may be central to developing interventions that support adolescents in meeting the current PA guidelines. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of school-based physical activity interventions for improving muscular fitness (MF) in adolescent males. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the preferred reporting systems for meta-analyses guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42018091023). Eligible studies were published in English within peer-reviewed articles. Searches were conducted in three databases, with an additional grey literature search in Google Scholar. Studies investigating MF outcomes were included. Results There were 43 data sets identified across 11 studies, from seven countries. Overall methodological quality of the studies was moderate-to-strong. Interventions targeting MF evidenced a small-to-medium effect (g = 0.32, CI 0.17, 0.48, p < 0.00). Subgroup analyses of MF delivery method resulted in small-to-medium effects: upper limb MF measures (g = 0.28, 95% CI − 0.02, 0.58, p = 0.07), lower limb MF measures (g = 0.28, 95% CI 0.09, 0.68, p = 0.03), combined MF activities (g = 0.24, 95% CI − 0.04 to 0.49, p = 0.05), plyometric activities (g = 0.39, 95% CI 0.09, 0.68, p = 0.01), body weight (g = 0.27, 95% CI − 0.10, 0.65, p = 0.15), and traditional MF methods (g = 0.43, 95% CI 0.09, 0.78, p = 0.01). Conclusions School-based interventions which aimed to increase MF outcomes in adolescent boys demonstrated smallto-moderate effects. Traditional and plyometric methods of resistance training appear to be the most effective form of PA delivery in adolescent males. More quality research is required to assess the impact of MF delivered in the school environment to inform future intervention design.It is recommended that adolescents engage in a minimum of 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day with muscle and bone strengthening exercise Key PointsMF interventions delivered in a school-based environment demonstrated small-to-moderate effects in adolescent boys.MF delivered in a traditional manner, such as weight machines and free weights, may have a greater effect on enhancing MF than other forms of MF delivery.Plyometric forms of MF delivery demonstrated significant homogeneous effects and require further quality research to assess their application in the school environment.

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“…However, it was noted that these values returned to baseline 6 months after the end of the training regimen suggesting the need to continue physical activity to maintain gains in both fitness and self-esteem. It is also hypothesized that introducing overweight, obese and sedentary adolescents to RT can also be used to help acclimate youth to physical exercise in a less strenuous and intimidating way that eventually builds to more vigorous and regular cardiovascular exercise (12).…”

Section: Benefits Of Rtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance training for children and adolescents

2017

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As more children and adolescents are becoming involved in exercise and school or community based athletics, attention is turned towards proper training and conditioning to optimize performance, stimulate athletic development and ensure safety while tolerating long-term competition. Resistance training (RT) refers to the methodology of ensuring such optimal performance and safety. This is a common component of sports and physical fitness in schools and organized athletic programs around the country. RT is a physical conditioning program that involves various training techniques (e.g., machine based, free weight, plyometric, complex and functional training) and progressively increasing resistive loads to achieve desired muscle endurance, strength, power or a combination of the above. Proper RT programs have a plethora of associated benefits including increased strength, lower rates of sports-related injury, increased bone strength index (BSI), decreased risk of fracture and improved self-esteem and interest in fitness. There are risks involved with improper or poor training programs. Proper training programs involve knowledgeable trainers, effective supervision and tailored weight training.

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Resistance Training Effects on Metabolic Function Among Youth: A Systematic Review

Cited by 33 publications

References 36 publications

Physical activity intensity, bout-duration, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents

Physical activity intensity, bout-duration, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents

Efficacy of School-Based Interventions for Improving Muscular Fitness Outcomes in Adolescent Boys: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Resistance training for children and adolescents

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