Resistin: A Potential Biomarker for Periodontitis Influenced Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Induced Periodontitis

Abstract

Biomarkers are highly specific and sensitive indicators of disease activity. Resistin is a recently discovered adipocytokine, having a potent biomarker quality. Initially resistin was thought to be produced by adipocytes alone; however, emerging evidence suggests that it is also produced in abundance by various cells of the immunoinflammatory system, indicating its role in various chronic inflammatory diseases. Data suggests that resistin plays a role in obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and periodontitis. Resistin derived its name from the original observation that it induced insulin resistance (resist-in: resist insulin) in mice and is downregulated in mature murine adipocytes cultured in the presence of insulin sensitizing drugs like thiazolidinediones. It is well recognized that obesity, is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes. A three-way relationship has been established between diabetes, obesity and periodontitis. Recent evidence also suggests an association between obesity and increased risk for periodontitis. Our previous research showed incremental elevation of resistin with periodontal disease activity and a reduced level of resistin, after periodontal therapy. Thus resistin would be one of the molecular links connecting obesity, periodontitis, and diabetes and may serve as a marker that links periodontal disease with other systemic diseases. A Medline/PubMed search was carried out for keywords “Diabetes Mellitus,” “Periodontitis,” and “Resistin,” and all relevant research papers from 1990 in English were shortlisted and finalized based on their importance. This review provides an insight into the biological action of resistin and its possible role in periodontitis influenced diabetes mellitus and diabetes induced periodontitis.

Resistin activity in mice and humans affecting obesity, insulin resistance and T2DM: Blocking resistin action by resistin antagonis

“…However, whether the results obtained in mice are applicable to humans is still puzzling and controversial. ough some earlier publications questioned the link between resistin and insulin resistance in humans [see references [43][44][45][46][47][48] in (6)] our recent screening of the most recent 300 papers in PubMed under the term of resistin revealed 20 reports in which such an indirect link, evidenced by resistin levels in serum or tissues and various human pathologies such as adiposity, lung injury, metabolic syndrome, T2DM, gestational DM, diabetes-induced periodontitis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NFLD) and cancer was demonstrated (33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52).…”

Blood Levels of Resistin, Glycemic Indices and Lipid Profile in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

“…Resistin is one of adipocytokines with a molecular weight of 12.5 KD [10]. In addition to adipose tissue, high levels of resistin exist in monocytes, macrophages, and spleen and bone marrow cells [11].…”

“…In addition to adipose tissue, high levels of resistin exist in monocytes, macrophages, and spleen and bone marrow cells [11]. Several studies have been shown that, resistin plays a role in the development of insulin resistance (IR) [10,12,13]. Zhou et al showed; resistin impairs glucose tolerance by lowering mRNA levels of IRS-2 (insulin receptor substrate 2) and stimulating SOCS-3 (inhibitor of cytokine signaling 3) expression [14].…”

Metformin Inhibits Porphyromonasgingivalis Lipopolysaccharide‐Influenced Inflammatory Response in Human Gingival Fibroblasts via Regulating Activating Transcription Factor‐3 Expression

“…Recent investigations have demonstrated that periodontitis may have profound effects on systemic disease, such as coronary heart diseases and diabetes mellitus (DM) 8 . It has been indicated that type 2 DM (t2DM) and CP are involved in a two‐way relationship; patients with DM tend to have a higher prevalence and more severe forms of periodontitis than patients without DM, whereas individuals with poorly controlled DM were more susceptible to periodontitis than patients with well‐controlled DM 9,10 …”

“…8 It has been indicated that type 2 DM (t2DM) and CP are involved in a two-way relationship; patients with DM tend to have a higher prevalence and more severe forms of periodontitis than patients without DM, whereas individuals with poorly controlled DM were more susceptible to periodontitis than patients with well-controlled DM. 9,10 Metformin has been widely used in the treatment of t2DM since its approval in 1958 in the United Kingdom and in 1995 in the United States. 11 As an antidiabetic drug, it can increase peripheral uptake of glucose 12 and decrease hepatic glucose production.…”