In administrative cases considered under Chapter 31.1 of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation, there are still many issues that reduce the effectiveness of protecting the rights of minors and incapacitated people to protect life and health. These problematic aspects include definition of the medical intervention necessary to save lives, determination of the list of persons entitled to file an administrative claim, mandatory participation of the prosecutor in these cases, the evidence base in the case, correlation with the provisions of the Family Code of the Russian Federation. The stated issues are considered based on law enforcement practice and foreign experience. The author suggests ways to overcome existing problems by means of improving legislation. Amendments are proposed to a number of articles of Chapter 31.1 of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation and Federal Law No. 323-FZ dated 21.11.2011 «On the Basics of protecting the Health of Citizens» concerning granting the prosecutor the right to file an administrative claim, notifying the prosecutor of the guardian’s refusal of medical intervention in relation to a person under his care, fixing unacceptable motives for refusing medical intervention, mandatory participation of the prosecutor in such cases, adjustments of the subject of proving.