“…This hinders the state-society relations which are naturally fostered in Westphalian states. Given that borders do not reflect the distribution of the different communal groups in the region, identity politics transcend borders to neighboring countries, which increases the likelihood of intrastate tensions and conflict (Bradshaw, 2016;Ghais, 2018). Needless to mention that when a communal group is forcefully included in a new state while the rest of its members remain in a neighboring state, the probability that identity conflicts occur becomes high, and that is the case in Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, and other Middle Eastern countries (Ghais, 1998).…”