Resolving the paradox of shame: Differentiating among specific appraisal-feeling combinations explains pro-social and self-defensive motivation

Gausel, Nicolay; Vignoles, Vivian L.; Leach, Colin Wayne

doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9513-y

Cited by 63 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(104 reference statements)

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“…Hence, in a second step, we followed the approach advised by Gausel, Leach et al. () and Gausel, Vignoles, and Leach () in order to test fit superiority of our hypothesized factor solution over other competing solutions. We, therefore, merged the two identification constructs into one ‘national identification’ factor.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Support for National Flag‐Displays in Times of Change: A Question of National Identification?

Berndsen

Gausel

2018

Anal Soc Iss & Public Policy

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Flag-displays can be used within national groups to communicate majority supremacy over ethnic minorities. In two studies set in an Australian context (N = 88 and N = 102), we explain how mode of national identification (glorifying identifiers versus attached identifiers) differently predicts support for multicultural values and national flag-displays. In line with the hypotheses, we found that attached identifiers were more supportive of multicultural values and national flag-displays by ethnic minorities than glorifying identifiers. In contrast, glorifying identifiers supported flag-displays by the majority more than did the attached identifiers. Study 2 demonstrates that glorifying identifiers' use of the national flag is explicitly meant to exclude other groups. As expected, support for multicultural values and endorsement of the flag as an exclusion tool helped to explain the relationship between identification and flag-displays. As such, results revealed the attitudes behind a novel form of prejudice that is currently on the rise. " . . . I'm starting to see that star system symbol being used as a very racist nationalistic emblem -and that is seriously worrying me." (Warwick Thornton, Indigenous filmmaker, cited in Australian Associated Press, 2010).Although the original intent of a national flag is to represent values meant to encourage affection within the nation (Butz, 2009), Thornton's quote illustrates that national flag-displays are increasingly used to communicate exclusion of

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…() and Gausel, Vignoles et al. () and discarded this inferior omnibus ‘national identification’ construct…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Support for National Flag‐Displays in Times of Change: A Question of National Identification?

Berndsen

Gausel

2018

Anal Soc Iss & Public Policy

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“…Threat to social image is suggested to give rise to felt rejection, which leads to self‐defensive avoidance motivations. Although some research has shown that shame, felt rejection, and felt inferiority are distinguishable (see Gausel, Leach, Vignoles, & Brown, ; Gausel, Vignoles, & Leach, ), other research has shown a high correlation between our personal and social values: If people view themselves as inadequate, they are likely to expect others to view them in a similar negative way, and vice versa (Goss, Gilbert, & Allan, ; Leary, Tambor, Terdal, & Downs, ). Rather than providing meaningful differentiations between problematic and functional shame, these approaches of ever more customizing the definition of shame can lead to a defining away of the complexity of shame.…”

Section: How Conflicting Outcomes Have Led To Narrow Re‐definitions Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving beyond “shame is bad”: How a functional emotion can become problematic

Cibich

Woodyatt

Wenzel

2016

Social & Personality Psych

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Shame research has been divided. At present, the shame literature can be broadly dichotomized into whether it argues for a problematic or functional view of shame. Shame is commonly linked, for example, to aggression, poor health and wellbeing, and psychopathologies such as post‐traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, and depression. Some researchers, however, suggest that shame is functional as it serves the purpose of gauging when one's social self is threatened, because of a loss of status or social bonds. To resolve this conflict, shame has been redefined in a variety of ways in an attempt to distinguish functional shame from problematic shame. However, approaches that ever more narrowly define the construct can lead to a defining away of the complexity of the lived experience of shame. In this review, we integrate the conflicting research on shame, examining how shame, as an emotion that evolved for a functional purpose, can become problematic. Avoidance in response to shame can move shame from being a functional social gauge that motivates repair to a problematic emotion, and avoidance is more likely to the extent that shame seems irreparable. Therefore, understanding what factors impact on perceived reparability will be important for understanding how shame can become problematic. How we see ourselves, others, our actions, and the costs of repair are all likely to impact on whether or not shame becomes functional or problematic.

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“…For example, researchers are now trying to disentangle exactly when shame will result in prosocial, approach responses and when it will result in self-protection responses [53, 83,139]. Additionally, research needs to further address Wallbott and Scherer's findings that shame episodes were relatively less intense and shorter in duration in collectivistic cultures than individualistic ones [133].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of the Inherent Adaptivity Perspective and Functionalist Perspective on Guilt and Shame

Dempsey¹

2017

Preprint

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Within the field of guilt and shame, two competing perspectives have been advanced. The first, the inherent adaptivity perspective, has been primarily advanced by Tangney and colleagues. This position advocates that guilt is an inherently adaptive emotion and shame is an inherently maladaptive emotion; thus, those interested in moral character development and psychopathology should work to increase an individual's guilt-proneness and decrease an individual's shame-proneness. The functionalist perspective, in contrast, has advocated that both guilt and shame can serve a person adaptively and maladaptively-depending on the situational appropriateness, duration, intensity, and so forth. This paper reviews the research conducted supporting both positions, critiques some issues with the most widely used guilt-and shameproneness measure in the inherent adaptivity research (the TOSCA), and discusses the differences in results found when assessing guilt and shame at the state versus trait level. The conclusion drawn is that although there is broad support for the functionalist perspective across a wide variety of state and trait guilt/shame studies, the functionalist perspective does not yet have the wealth of data supporting it that has been generated by the inherent adaptivity perspective using the TOSCA. Thus, before a dominant perspective can be identified, researchers need to (1) do more research assessing how the inherent adaptivity perspective compares to the functionalist perspective at the state level, and (2) do more trait research within the functionalist perspective to compare functionalist-generated guilt-and shame-proneness measures with the TOSCA.

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Resolving the paradox of shame: Differentiating among specific appraisal-feeling combinations explains pro-social and self-defensive motivation

Cited by 63 publications

References 49 publications

Support for National Flag‐Displays in Times of Change: A Question of National Identification?

Support for National Flag‐Displays in Times of Change: A Question of National Identification?

Moving beyond “shame is bad”: How a functional emotion can become problematic

A Comparison of the Inherent Adaptivity Perspective and Functionalist Perspective on Guilt and Shame

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