Resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering in C2

Attal, B.; Débarre, D.; Müller‐Dethlefs, Klaus; Taran, J. P.

doi:10.1051/rphysap:0198300180103900

Cited by 52 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Attal et al [148] gave a detection limit of 10 10 molecules/cm 3 for C 2 and a similar number was found by Doerk et al [150] for CH radicals. At elevated pressure Attal et al calculated a detection sensitivity of 6 ppm for OH at atmospheric pressure and 60 ppm at 10 bar [144].…”

Section: Concentration Measurements and Thermometry Applicationssupporting

confidence: 72%

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Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Kiefer

Ewart

2011

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

131

112

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Laser-based methods have transformed combustion diagnostics in the past few decades. The high intensity, coherence, high spectral resolution and frequency tunability available from laser radiation has provided powerful tools for studying microscopic processes and macroscopic phenomena in combustion by linear and nonlinear optical processes. This review focuses on nonlinear optical techniques based on resonant four-wave mixing for non-intrusive measurements of minor species in combustion. The importance of minor species such as reaction intermediates is outlined together with the challenges they present for detection and measurement in the hostile environments of flames, technical combustors, and engines. The limitations of conventional optical methods for such measurements are described and the particular advantages of coherent methods using nonlinear optical techniques are discussed.The basic physics underlying four-wave wave mixing processes and theoretical models for signal calculation are then presented together with a discussion of how combustion parameters may be derived from analysis of signals generated in various four-wave mixing processes. The most important four-wave mixing processes, in this context, are then reviewed:Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM), Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), Laser Induced Grating Spectroscopy (LIGS) and Polarization Spectroscopy (PS). In each case the fundamental physics is outlined to explain the particular properties and diagnostic advantages of each technique. The application of the methods mentioned to molecular physics studies of combustion species is then reviewed along with their application in measurement of concentration, temperature and other combustion parameters. Related nonlinear techniques and recent extensions to the ultra-fast regime are briefly reviewed. Finally practical considerations relevant to multi-dimensional and multi-species measurements, as well as applications in technical combustion systems are discussed.Keywords: nonlinear optical spectroscopy, four-wave mixing, combustion diagnostics, minor species detection, laser-induced gratings, polarization spectroscopy IntroductionEnergy from renewable sources such as solar and wind power is the goal of much current research and technological development. Combustion, however, is and is likely to remain for the foreseeable future, the most important energy source for heat, electrical power and especially for transportation. In technical combustion systems the chemical energy of fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil and natural gas is converted into heat through oxidation with oxygen from air. However, fossil fuel resources are limited and alternatives like biofuels [1] or novel technologies such as fuel cells [2] are not yet able to meet the demand. Consequently, for a sustainable use of fossil fuels it is desirable to further improve the efficiency, maintainability and reliability of existing combustion devices. Achieving such improvements depends upon an improved understanding of t...

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Section: Concentration Measurements and Thermometry Applicationssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…the diatomic species C 2 [147][148][149], CH [150], and NO [151,152]. Furthermore polyatomic molecules such as NO 2 [153], NH 2 [154], and C 2 H 2 [155] have been investigated using this technique.…”

Section: Electronic Enhancement Of Cars Allows Detection Of Minor Spementioning

confidence: 99%

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Kiefer

Ewart

2011

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

131

112

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“…C 2 concentrations are generally accepted to be between 10 12 and 10 14 cm Ϫ3 for the flame operating near stoichiometric conditions. 5,19 III. RESULTS Figure 2 shows a high resolution DFWM spectrum covering almost the entire ͑0,0͒ d 3 ⌸ g →a 3 ⌸ u Swan band of C 2 .…”

Section: A Optical Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy and spectral simulation of C2 in an atmospheric pressure oxy-acetylene flame

Kaminski

Hughes

Ewart

1997

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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Rotational level dependence of ground state recovery rates for OH X 2 Π(v ″ =0) in atmospheric pressure flames using the picosecond saturating-pump degenerate four-wave mixing probe technique Highly predissociative levels of the D 2 Π state of CH studied with the two-color resonant four-wave mixing technique Absolute HCO concentration measurements in methane/air flame using intracavity laser spectroscopyThe d 3 ⌸ g ↔a 3 ⌸ u Swan bands of C 2 have been recorded with high resolution using DFWM in the nearly Doppler free, phase conjugate geometry. C 2 was probed in a standard oxy-acetylene welding flame with excellent signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution. Theoretical spectra were simulated and fitted directly to the complex overlapping spectra. The good agreement obtained shows that DFWM holds promise to become a robust and reliable tool for flame thermometry. Current theories of DFWM are reviewed in context of the present work and advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed.

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“…Different methods based on laser spectroscopy resulted to be powerful tools to measure physical parameters in reacting gas flows even at high temperature (e.g. plasma, flames) 5,6 . The intrinsic non-intrusive nature of laser based diagnostic techniques allows to monitor the chemical reactions without altering the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the medium under investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>NIR and UV spectroscopic techniques as tools to control nanoparticle growth in laser pyrolysis process</title>

et al. 2002

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Due to the foreseen possibility of technological applications, there is an increasing interest in nanocrystalline soft materials, especially in iron silicon alloys. The synthesis of nanoparticles by means of CO 2 laser induced pyrolisys is an important method for the production of the latter material with high purity upon well controlled conditions. In this production process, implying fast ultrafine powders condensation from the gas phase, the temperature is a key parameter, since the particles size is strongly affected by its variations. The potentialities of laser spectroscopic methods in the ultraviolet and infrared spectral region to monitor nanoparticles growth in a semi-industrial flow reactor for production of Si and FeSi nanoparticles and operating in ENEA, are explored in the present work

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Resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering in C2

Cited by 52 publications

References 30 publications

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy and spectral simulation of C2 in an atmospheric pressure oxy-acetylene flame

<title>NIR and UV spectroscopic techniques as tools to control nanoparticle growth in laser pyrolysis process</title>

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