Photoreduction of native ceruloplasmin, using the 454.5-nm line of an Ar' laser, enables the identification of type-Ia, type-Ib and type-I1 copper. The circular dichroic spectra of N; -bound type-I1 copper and SCW-bound type-I1 copper are obtained by the same procedure after anionic treatment of ceruloplasmin. From circular dichroic and resonance Raman evidence it appears that some of type-Ia and type-Ib copper ligands differ. Type-Ib copper ligands seem to the same as type-I copper in plastocyanin and azurin. Even though type-Ib copper is coordinated to one sulfur of cysteine and one sulfur of methionine (or disulfide of cystine), the methionine sulfur is not a ligand for type-Ia copper.Ceruloplasmin is a plasma copper oxidase containing six or seven copper ions. Six of them are essential to enzymatic activity, while the seventh is easily separated by chelex treatment. From the remaining six atoms, three are detectable by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR); two of them arc the so-called type I, or 'blue copper' ions, that show abnormally small EPR hyperfine splitting and absorb strongly at 600 nm (E/CU = 5500 M-' cm-'), the other one is type I1 (non-blue) copper characterized by a normal EPR hyperfine splitting, i.e. that observed in planar tetragonal copper complexes. Of the three copper ions not detectable by EPR, two of them are of type 111, thought to form an anti-ferromagnetic coupled pair, which absorb at 330 nm. The sixth copper is known as type IV [I].The intense absorption at 600 nm characteristic of type-I copper has been assigned to a S(Cys) --+ Cu(I1) ligand-to-metal charge transfer transition [2]. The crystal X-ray structure of two blue-copper proteins containing one type-I center has confirmed this assignment by demonstrating the presence of four ligands: one sulfur from cysteine (S), one sulfur from methionine (S*) and two imidazole nitrogens from histidine forming a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry around the metal (Cu Nz SS*) [3,4]. The two type-I copper sites present in ceruloplasmin differ in their redox potential [5], reoxidation rate [6], electron paramagnetic signal [7], circular dichroism [8] and resonance Raman patterns [9]. They also show different photochemical behaviour and quantum yield Using EPR and absorption studies it has been demonstrated that inhibitory anions like fluoride and azide bind to type-I1 copper in ceruloplasmin [ll]. C D and absorption evidence, on the other hand, have shown that the overall effect of addition of inhibitory anions such as azide, thiocyanate and cyanate is not only coordination to type-I1 copper but also the simultaneous disruption of the S(Cys)-Cu(I1) bond of one of the two type-I copper sites [8].In a recent study on the interaction of laser radiation on human ceruloplasmin we have shown that, under the effect of radiation of wavelengths ranging over 514.5-360 nm, both type-I copper ions are reduced while type-I1 copper remains unchanged [lo]. An analogous result was obtained by using a mercury lamp [12]. We have been able to calculat...